SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Microplastics</title>

</head>

Microplastics

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<li><a href="Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li>

<li><a href="Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Household_air_pollution" title="Household air pollution">Household air pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">Non-exhaust emissions</a></li>

<li><a href="Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li>

<li><a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li>

<li><a href="Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a>

<ul><li><a href="Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li>

<li><a href="Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li>

<li><a href="Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li>

<li><a href="Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li>

<li><a href="Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li>

<li><a href="Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li>

<li><a href="Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li>

<li><a href="Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li>

<li><a href="Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li>

<li><a href="Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">Urban blight</a></li>

<li><a href="Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a>

<ul><li><a href="Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li>

<li><a href="War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li>

<li><a href="Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li>

<li><a href="Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li>

<li><a href="Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li>

<li><a href="Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li>

<li><a href="Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li>

<li><a href="Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a>

<ul><li><a href="Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li>

<li><a href="Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li>

<li><a href="Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li>

<li><a href="Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li>

<li><a href="Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li>

<li><a href="Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a>

<ul><li><a href="Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li>By country</li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AEnvironment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3AEcology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

Microplastics are "synthetic solid particles or <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a> matrices, with regular or irregular shape and with size ranging from 1 μm to 5 mm, of either primary or secondary manufacturing origin, which are <a href="Insoluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Insoluble">insoluble</a> in water."<a href="#cite_note-Microplastics:_Finding_a_consensus-1">[1]</a>

Microplastics cause <a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> by entering <a href="Nature" title="Nature">natural</a> <a href="Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> from a variety of sources, including <a href="Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, <a href="Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, <a href="Renovation" title="Renovation">renovation</a>, <a href="Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>, and industrial processes.

The term microplastics is used to differentiate from larger, non-microscopic <a href="Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">plastic waste</a>. Two classifications of microplastics are currently recognized. Primary microplastics include any <a href="Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> fragments or <a href="Particle" title="Particle">particles</a> that are already 5.0 mm in size or less before entering the <a href="Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. These include <a href="Microfibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfibers">microfibers</a> from clothing, <a href="Microbeads" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbeads">microbeads</a>, plastic <a href="Glitter" title="Glitter">glitter</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and <a href="Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">plastic pellets</a> (also known as nurdles).<a href="#cite_note-Cole-2013-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boucher-2017-5">[5]</a> Secondary microplastics arise from the degradation (breakdown) of larger plastic products through natural weathering processes after entering the environment. Such sources of secondary microplastics include water and soda bottles, fishing nets, plastic bags, microwave <a href="Container" title="Container">containers</a>, tea bags and tire wear.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boucher-2017-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conkle-2018-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

Both types are recognized to persist in the environment at high levels, particularly in <a href="Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic</a> and <a href="Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a>, where they cause <a href="Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-9">[9]</a>

Approximately 35% of all ocean microplastics come from textiles/clothing, primarily due to the erosion of <a href="Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, <a href="Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic</a>, or <a href="Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>-based clothing, often during the washing process.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Microplastics also accumulate in the air and <a href="Terrestrial_ecosystem" title="Terrestrial ecosystem">terrestrial ecosystems</a>. Airborne microplastics have been detected in the atmosphere, as well as indoors and outdoors.

Because plastics degrade slowly (often over hundreds to thousands of years),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> microplastics have a high probability of ingestion, incorporation into, and <a href="Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">accumulation</a> in the bodies and tissues of many organisms. The toxic <a href="Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemicals</a> that come from both the ocean and runoff can also <a href="Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">biomagnify</a> up the food chain.<a href="#cite_note-Grossman-2015a-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In terrestrial ecosystems, microplastics have been demonstrated to reduce the viability of <a href="Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> As of 2023, the cycle and movement of microplastics in the environment was not fully known. Microplastics in surface sample ocean surveys might have been underestimated as deep layer ocean sediment surveys in China found that plastics are present in deposition layers far older than the invention of plastics.

Microplastics are likely to degrade into smaller nanoplastics through chemical weathering processes, mechanical breakdown, and even through the digestive processes of animals. Nanoplastics are a subset of microplastics and they are smaller than 1 μm (1 micrometer or 1000 nm). Nanoplastics cannot be seen by the human eye.<a href="#cite_note-USEPA-17">[17]</a>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Polymer_degradation#Degradation_in_the_environment" title="Polymer degradation">Polymer degradation § Degradation in the environment</a></div>

The term "microplastics" was introduced in 2004 by Professor <a href="Richard_Thompson_(marine_biologist)" title="Richard Thompson (marine biologist)">Richard Thompson</a>, a marine biologist at the <a href="University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a> in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Microplastics:_Finding_a_consensus-1">[1]</a>

Microplastics are common in our world today. In 2014, it was <a href="Estimation" title="Estimation">estimated</a> that there are between 15 and 51 <a href="Trillion" title="Trillion">trillion</a> individual pieces of microplastic in the world's oceans, which was <a href="Estimation" title="Estimation">estimated</a> to weigh between 93,000 and 236,000 metric tons.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Under the influence of sunlight, <a href="Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, waves and other factors, plastic degrades into small fragments known as microplastics, or even nanoplastics.<a href="#cite_note-eea-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_microplastics">Primary microplastics</h3></div>

Primary microplastics are small pieces of plastic that are purposefully manufactured.<a href="#cite_note-Karbalaei-2018-25">[25]</a> They are usually used in facial <a href="Cleanser" title="Cleanser">cleansers</a> and <a href="Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, or in <a href="Air_blaster" title="Air blaster">air blasting</a> technology. In some cases, their use in medicine as <a href="Drug_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug vector">vectors for drugs</a> was reported.<a href="#cite_note-Patel-2009-26">[26]</a> Microplastic "scrubbers", used in <a href="Exfoliating" class="mw-redirect" title="Exfoliating">exfoliating</a> hand cleansers and facial scrubs, have replaced <a href="Tradition" title="Tradition">traditionally</a> used natural <a href="Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredients</a>, including ground <a href="Almond" title="Almond">almond</a> shells, <a href="Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">oatmeal</a>, and <a href="Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>. Primary microplastics have also been produced for use in air-blasting technology. This process involves blasting <a href="Acrylate_polymer" title="Acrylate polymer">acrylic</a>, <a href="Melamine" title="Melamine">melamine</a>, or <a href="Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> microplastic scrubbers at machinery, engines, and boat hulls to remove rust and paint. As these scrubbers are used repeatedly until they diminish in size and their cutting power is lost, they often become <a href="Contamination" title="Contamination">contaminated</a> with <a href="Heavy_metal_(chemical_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemical element)">heavy metals</a> such as <a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, and <a href="Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-2011-27">[27]</a> Although many companies have committed to reducing the production of <a href="Microbeads" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbeads">microbeads</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> there are still many bioplastic microbeads that also have a long degradation life cycle, for example in cosmetics.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_microplastics">Secondary microplastics</h3></div>

Secondary microplastics are small pieces of plastic derived from the physical breakdown and mechanical degradation of larger plastic debris, both at sea and on land. Over time, a combination of physical, biological, and photochemical degradation, including <a href="Photo-oxidation_of_polymers" title="Photo-oxidation of polymers">photo-oxidation</a> caused by sunlight exposure, can reduce the structural integrity of plastic debris to a size that is eventually undetectable to the naked eye.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> This process of breaking down large plastic material into much smaller pieces is known as fragmentation.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-2011-27">[27]</a> It is considered that microplastics might further degrade to be smaller in size, although the smallest microplastic reportedly detected in the oceans in 2017 was 1.6 micrometres (6.3×10−5 in) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-Conkle-2018-7">[7]</a> The prevalence of microplastics with uneven shapes suggests that fragmentation is a key source.<a href="#cite_note-Grossman-2015a-13">[13]</a> One study suggested that more microplastics might be formed from biodegradable polymer than from non-biodegradable polymer in both seawater and fresh water.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

<blockquote>"It's actually classified as a very high priority high contaminant by the EPA... when they litter or put something in a landfill, the plastic will break down into smaller and smaller particles. And eventually, they become microplastics... They're in the air, they're in the water, they're in the soil."  – University of Tennessee professor Mike McKinney.<a href="#cite_note-aol-33">[33]</a></blockquote>

Microplastic fibers enter the environment as a by-product during wear and tear and from the <a href="Washing" title="Washing">washing</a> of <a href="Synthetic_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cloth">synthetic clothing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conkle-2018-7">[7]</a> Tires, composed partly of synthetic <a href="Styrene-butadiene" title="Styrene-butadiene">styrene-butadiene</a> rubber, erode into tiny plastic and rubber particles as they are used and become dust particles. 2.0-5.0 mm plastic pellets, used to create other plastic products, enter ecosystems due to <a href="Plastic_resin_pellet_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic resin pellet pollution">spillages and other accidents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boucher-2017-5">[5]</a>

A 2015 <a href="Norwegian_Environment_Agency" title="Norwegian Environment Agency">Norwegian Environment Agency</a> review report about microplastics stated it would be beneficial to classify these sources as primary, as long as microplastics from these sources are added from human society since the "start of the pipe", and their emissions are inherently a result of human material and product use and not secondary to fragmentation in the nature.<a href="#cite_note-Sundt-2015-35">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanoplastics">Nanoplastics</h3></div>

Depending on the definition used, nanoplastics are less than 1 μm (i.e. 1000 nm) or less than 100 nm in size.<a href="#cite_note-Dhada-2023-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Speculations over nanoplastics in the environment range from it being a temporary byproduct during the fragmentation of microplastics to it being an invisible environmental threat at potentially high and continuously rising concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-Rillig-2021-38">[38]</a> The presence of nanoplastics in the <a href="North_Atlantic_Subtropical_Gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre">North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre</a> has been confirmed<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and recent developments in <a href="Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a> coupled with optical tweezers (Raman Tweezers)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> as well as nano-fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (nano-<a href="FTIR" class="mw-redirect" title="FTIR">FTIR</a>) or atomic force infrared (<a href="AFM-IR" class="mw-redirect" title="AFM-IR">AFM-IR</a>) are promising answers in the near future regarding the nanoplastic quantity in the environment. <a href="Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a> could represent a unique tool for the identification and quantification of nanoplastics, since it allows the development of fast, easy, cheap, and sensitive methods.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> However, the nanoplastic problem is complex and nanoscale properties as well as interaction with biomolecules need to be explored at the fundamental level with high spatial and temporal resolution.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

Nanoplastics are thought to be a risk to environmental and human health.<a href="#cite_note-Dhada-2023-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Due to their small size, nanoplastics can cross cellular membranes and affect the functioning of cells. Nanoplastics are lipophilic and models show that polyethylene nanoplastics can be incorporated into the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayers.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Nanoplastics are also shown to cross the epithelial membrane of <a href="Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> accumulating in various <a href="Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a> including the gallbladder, pancreas, and the brain.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Nanoplastics are believed to cause interruptions in bone cell activities, causing improper bone formation.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Little is known on adverse health effects of nanoplastics in organisms including humans. In <a href="Zebrafish" title="Zebrafish">zebrafish</a> (Danio rerio), <a href="Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> nanoplastics can induce a stress response pathway altering glucose and cortisol levels, which is potentially tied to behavioral changes in stress phases.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In <a href="Daphnia" title="Daphnia">Daphnia</a>, polystyrene nanoplastic can be ingested by the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia pulex and affect its growth and reproduction as well as induce stress defense, including the ROS production and MAPK-HIF-1/NF-κB-mediated antioxidant system.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Nanoplastics can also <a href="Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorb</a> toxic chemical pollutants, such as antibiotics, which enable the selective association with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, resulting in the dissemination of nanoplastics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria by bacterivorous nematode <a href="Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a> across the soil.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_of_microplastics">Sources of microplastics</h2></div>

The existence of microplastics in the environment is often established through aquatic studies. These include taking <a href="Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> samples, analyzing sandy and muddy <a href="Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>, observing <a href="Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> and <a href="Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> consumption, and evaluating chemical <a href="Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutant</a> interactions.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Through such methods, it has been shown that there are microplastics from multiple sources in the environment.

Textiles, tires, and urban <a href="Dust" title="Dust">dust</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> account for over 80% of all microplastics in the seas and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-9">[9]</a> Microplastic is also a type of airborne <a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">particulates</a> and is found to prevail in air.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35228011-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31039519-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yuk-58">[58]</a> <a href="Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a> appears as the largest source of microplastic leakage into the ocean and waterways (1.9 Mt/year), outweighing all other sources of microplastic leakage.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Microplastics could contribute up to 30% of the <a href="Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a> polluting the world's oceans and, in many developed countries, are a bigger source of <a href="Marine_plastic_pollution" title="Marine plastic pollution">marine plastic pollution</a> than the visible larger pieces of marine litter, according to a 2017 <a href="International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> report.<a href="#cite_note-Boucher-2017-5">[5]</a> Oceanic microplastics are a common source of <a href="Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> due to the inclusion of coloring compounds containing chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, tin, praseodymium, neodymium, erbium, tungsten, iridium, gold, lead, or uranium.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_intake">Oral intake</h3></div>

Oral intake is the main pathway of human exposure to microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Microplastics exist in daily necessities like drinking water, bottled water, seafood, salt, sugar, tea bags, milk, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

65 million microplastics are released into water sources every day.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy2016-64">[64]</a> In 2017, more than eight million tons of plastics entered the oceans, greater than 33 times as much as that of the total plastics accumulated in the oceans by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> One consequence of this is marine life consumption of microplastics. It is estimated that Europeans are exposed to about 11,000 particles/person/year of microplastics due to shellfish consumption.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>

Microplastics may enter drinking water sources in a number of ways: from surface runoff (e.g. after a rain event), to wastewater effluent (both treated and untreated), combined sewer overflows, industrial effluent, degraded plastic waste, and atmospheric deposition.<a href="#cite_note-:1-67">[67]</a> Surface run-off and wastewater effluent are recognized as the two main sources, but better data are required to quantify the sources and associate them with more specific plastic waste streams. Plastic bottles and caps that are used in bottled water may also be sources of microplastics in drinking-water.<a href="#cite_note-:1-67">[67]</a>

Microplastics may also have been widely distributed in soil, especially in agricultural systems.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> They (especially with negative charge) can get into the water transport system of plants, and then move to the roots, stems, leaves, and fruits.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Once microplastics enter agricultural systems through sewage sludge, compost, and plastic mulching, they will cause food pollution, which may increase the risk of human exposure.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div>

<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Clothing and the environment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist">

<a href="Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact of fashion</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Key issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Cotton_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton industry">Cotton industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">Fast fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing" title="Global trade of secondhand clothing">Global trade of secondhand clothing</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li>

<li><a href="Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Textile performance</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming" title="Environmental impacts of fur farming">Fur farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_leather" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of leather">Leather</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Sustainability</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-fashion" title="Anti-fashion">Anti-fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodegradable_athletic_footwear" title="Biodegradable athletic footwear">Biodegradable athletic footwear</a></li>

<li><a href="Circular_fashion" title="Circular fashion">Circular fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Clothing_swap" title="Clothing swap">Clothing swap</a></li>

<li><a href="Cotton_recycling" title="Cotton recycling">Cotton recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_textile" title="Green textile">Green textile</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_cotton" title="Organic cotton">Organic cotton</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconstructed_clothing" title="Reconstructed clothing">Reconstructed clothing</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_fashion" title="Slow fashion">Slow fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Industries</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textile recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion" title="Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion">Sustainability of vintage fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Trashion" title="Trashion">Trashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero-waste_fashion" title="Zero-waste fashion">Zero-waste fashion</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Green marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="RiverBlue" title="RiverBlue">RiverBlue</a></li>

<li><a href="Nike%2C_Inc.#Environmental_record" title="Nike, Inc.">Environmental record of Nike</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li>

<li><a href="Laundry_wastewater" title="Laundry wastewater">Laundry wastewater</a></li>

<li><a href="Vintage_clothing" title="Vintage clothing">Vintage clothing</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AFashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3AEnvironment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

Studies have shown that many <a href="Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fibers</a>, such as polyester, nylon, acrylics, and <a href="Spandex" title="Spandex">spandex</a>, can be shed from clothing and persist in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-2015b-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Each garment in a load of <a href="Laundry" title="Laundry">laundry</a> can shed more than 1900 fibers of microplastics, with <a href="Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">fleeces</a> releasing the highest percentage of fibers, over 170% more than other garments.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Browne-2011-75">[75]</a> For an average wash load of 6 kilograms (13 lb), over 700,000 fibers could be released per wash.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>

<a href="Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a> manufacturers have also reviewed research into whether washing machine filters can reduce the amount of microfiber fibers that need to be treated by <a href="Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> facilities.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>

These microfibers have been found to persist throughout the food chain from <a href="Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> to larger animals such as whales.<a href="#cite_note-Boucher-2017-5">[5]</a> The primary fiber that persists throughout the textile industry is polyester which is a cheap cotton alternative that can be easily manufactured. However, these types of fibers contribute greatly to the persistence of microplastics in terrestrial, aerial, and marine ecosystems. The process of washing clothes causes garments to lose an average of over 100 fibers per liter of water.<a href="#cite_note-Browne-2011-75">[75]</a> This has been linked with health effects possibly caused by the release of <a href="Monomer" title="Monomer">monomers</a>, dispersive dyes, <a href="Mordant" title="Mordant">mordants</a>, and <a href="Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> from manufacturing. The occurrence of these types of fibers in households has been shown to represent 33% of all fibers in indoor environments.<a href="#cite_note-Browne-2011-75">[75]</a>

Textile fibers have been studied in both indoor and outdoor environments to determine the average human exposure. The indoor concentration was found to be 1.0–60.0 fibers/m3, whereas the outdoor concentration was much lower at 0.3–1.5 fibers/m3.<a href="#cite_note-Dris-2017-78">[78]</a> The deposition rate indoors was 1586–11,130 fibers per day/m3 which accumulates to around 190–670 fibers/mg of dust.<a href="#cite_note-Dris-2017-78">[78]</a> The largest concern with these concentrations is that it increases exposure to children and the elderly, which can cause adverse health effects.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Containers_and_packaging">Containers and packaging</h3></div>

Plastic containers can shed microplastics and <a href="Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> into foods and beverages.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bottled_water">Bottled water</h4></div>

In one study, 93% of the bottled water from 11 different brands showed microplastic contamination. Per liter, researchers found an average of 325 microplastic particles.<a href="#cite_note-Mason-2018-80">[80]</a> Of the tested brands, Nestlé Pure Life and Gerolsteiner bottles contained the most microplastic with 930 and 807 microplastic particles per liter (MPP/L), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Mason-2018-80">[80]</a> San Pellegrino products showed the least quantity of microplastic densities. Compared to water from taps, water from plastic bottles contained twice as much microplastic.<a href="#cite_note-Mason-2018-80">[80]</a> Another study capable of detecting nanoplastics found 240,000 fragments per liter: 10% between 5 mm and 1 μm and 90% under 1 μm in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-Doubek-2024-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>

Some of the contamination likely comes from the process of bottling and packaging the water,<a href="#cite_note-Mason-2018-80">[80]</a> and possibly from filters used to purify the water.<a href="#cite_note-Doubek-2024-81">[81]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baby_bottles">Baby bottles</h4></div>

In 2020 researchers reported that <a href="Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> <a href="Baby_bottle" title="Baby bottle">infant feeding bottles</a> with contemporary preparation procedures were found to cause microplastics exposure to infants ranging from 14,600 to 4,550,000 particles per capita per day in 48 regions. Microplastics release is higher with warmer liquids and similar with other polypropylene products such as lunchboxes.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Unexpectedly, <a href="Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">silicone rubber</a> baby bottle nipples degrade over time from repeated steam sterilization, shedding micro- and nano-sized particles of silicone rubber, researchers found in 2021. They estimated that, using such heat-degraded nipples for a year, a baby will ingest more than 660,000 particles.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Single-use_plastic_products">Single-use plastic products</h4></div>

Common single-use plastic products, such as plastic cups, or even <a href="Coffee_cup#Paper" title="Coffee cup">paper coffee cups</a> that are lined with a thin plastic film inside, release trillions of microplastic-<a href="Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> per liter into water during normal use.<a href="#cite_note-UPI-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Single-use plastic products enter aquatic environments<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and "[l]ocal and statewide policies that reduce single-use plastics were identified as effective legislative actions that

communities can take to address plastic pollution".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_and_renovation">Construction and renovation</h3></div>

Plastics are extensively used in the construction and renovation industry.<a href="#cite_note-Turner-95">[95]</a> Airborne microplastic dust is produced during <a href="Renovation" title="Renovation">renovation</a>, building, bridge and road reconstruction projects<a href="#cite_note-construction-96">[96]</a> and the use of <a href="Power_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Power tools">power tools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-powertool-97">[97]</a>

Materials containing <a href="Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC), <a href="Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a>, <a href="Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>, and <a href="Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">acrylic</a>, can degrade overtime releasing microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-Turner-95">[95]</a> During the construction process single use plastic containers and wrappers are discarded adding to plastic <a href="Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">waste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> These plastics are difficult to recycle and end up in landfills where they break down over a long period of time causing potential leaching into the soil and the release of airborne microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Airborne microplastic dust is also generated by deterioration of <a href="Building_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Building materials">building materials</a><a href="#cite_note-Yuk-58">[58]</a>

Due to the environmental impact from plastic waste creation in the construction and renovation sectors waste management practices that address this issue are required.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-lapyote2023-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Although many researchers have investigated the use of wastes, such as plastic, in the construction process in an effort to reduce waste and increase sustainability, construction is not an environmentally-friendly activity by nature. Efforts have been made to reduce plastic waste by adding it to <a href="Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> as agglomerates. However, one solution for resolving the problem from the large amount of plastic wastes generated could bring another serious problem of leaching of microplastics. The unknown part of this area is huge and needs prompt investigation.<a href="#cite_note-lapyote2023-102">[102]</a>

Around twenty percent of all plastics and seventy percent of all <a href="Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC) produced in the world each year are used by the construction industry.<a href="#cite_note-rics2023-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a> It is predicted that much more will be produced and used in the future.<a href="#cite_note-rics2023-104">[104]</a> "In Europe, approximately 20% of all plastics produced are used in the construction sector including different classes of plastics, waste and nanomaterials."<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a>

Common types:<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a>

<ul><li>Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Polyethylene (PE)<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Polypropylene (PP)<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Expandable polystyrene (EPS)<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Polyurethane (PU)<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li></ul>

Indirect use (packaging of construction materials) examples:<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a>

<ul><li>Foils and moisture barriers<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Covers<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Soft plastic wraps<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>EPS and PP sacks<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li></ul>

Direct use (construction materials containing plastics) examples:<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a>

<ul><li>Building products<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a>

<ul><li>Insulation<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Damp-proofing<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Flooring<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Roofing<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Windows<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Laminated surfaces<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Building service installations<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a>

<ul><li>Pipes<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Cabling<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Surface treatments<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a>

<ul><li>Paints<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Varnishes<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Sealants<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Glues<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>Resins<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Covers<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a>

<ul><li>Shrink wrap<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Tarpaulins<a href="#cite_note-sage2022-105">[105]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmetics_industry">Cosmetics industry</h3></div>

Some companies have replaced natural <a href="Exfoliating" class="mw-redirect" title="Exfoliating">exfoliating</a> ingredients with microplastics, usually in the form of "<a href="Microbead" title="Microbead">microbeads</a>" or "micro-exfoliates". These products are typically composed of <a href="Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, a common component of plastics, but they can also be manufactured from <a href="Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>, <a href="Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a> (PET), and <a href="Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BeattheMicrobead-106">[106]</a> They are often found in face washes, <a href="Hand_soap" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand soap">hand soaps</a>, and other personal care products; the beads are usually washed into the <a href="Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> system immediately after use. Their small size prevents them from fully being retained by preliminary treatment screens at wastewater plants, thereby allowing some to enter rivers and oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Fendall-2009-107">[107]</a> Wastewater treatment plants only remove an average of 95–99.9% of microbeads because of their small design. This leaves an average of 0–7 microbeads per litre being discharged.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27836135-108">[108]</a> Considering that the treatment plants of the world discharge 160 trillion liters of water per day, around 8 trillion microbeads are released into waterways every day. This number does not account for the sewage sludge that is reused as fertilizer after the waste water treatment that has been known to still contain these microbeads.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>

Although many companies have committed to phasing out the use of microbeads in their products, there are at least 80 different facial scrub products that are still being sold with microbeads as a main component.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27836135-108">[108]</a> This contributes to the 80 metric tons of microbead discharge per year by the United Kingdom alone, which not only has a negative impact upon the wildlife and food chain, but also upon levels of toxicity, as microbeads have been proven to absorb dangerous chemicals such as pesticides and <a href="Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27836135-108">[108]</a> The restriction proposal by the <a href="European_Chemicals_Agency" title="European Chemicals Agency">European Chemicals Agency</a> (ECHA) and reports by the United Nations Environment Programme (<a href="United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a>) and TAUW suggest that there are more than 500 microplastic ingredients that are widely used in cosmetics and personal care products.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>

Even when microbeads are removed from cosmetic products, there are still harmful products being sold with plastics in them. For example, acrylate copolymers cause toxic effects for waterways and animals if they are polluted.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Acrylate copolymers also can emit <a href="Styrene_monomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Styrene monomer">styrene monomers</a> when used in body products which increases a person's chances of cancer.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Countries like New Zealand which have banned microbeads often pass over other polymers such as acrylate copolymers, which can be just as toxic to people and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>

After the <a href="Microbead-Free_Waters_Act_of_2015" title="Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015">Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015</a>, the use of microbeads in <a href="Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a> and other rinse-off cosmetic products has been discontinued in the US,<a href="#cite_note-Colgate-114">[114]</a> however since 2015 many industries have instead shifted toward using <a href="FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a>-approved "rinse-off" <a href="Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">metallized-plastic</a> <a href="Glitter" title="Glitter">glitter</a> as their primary <a href="Abrasive_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive agent">abrasive agent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weaver-2018-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartle-2022-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-IFLScience-117">[117]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing_industry">Fishing industry</h3></div>

<a href="Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational</a> and <a href="Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">commercial fishing</a>, <a href="Marine_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine vessel">marine vessels</a>, and marine industries are all sources of plastic that can directly enter the marine environment, posing a risk to biota both as macroplastics, and as secondary microplastics following long-term degradation. <a href="Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a> observed on beaches also arises from beaching of materials carried on inshore and ocean currents. <a href="Fishing_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing gear">Fishing gear</a> is a form of plastic debris with a marine source. Discarded or lost fishing gear, including plastic monofilament line and nylon <a href="Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">netting</a> (sometimes called <a href="Ghost_net" title="Ghost net">ghost nets</a>), is typically neutrally <a href="Buoyant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buoyant">buoyant</a> and can, therefore, drift at variable depths within the oceans. Various countries have reported that microplastics from the industry and other sources have been accumulating in different types of seafood. In Indonesia, 55% of all fish species had evidence of manufactured debris similar to America which reported 67%.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> However, the majority of debris in Indonesia was plastic, while in North America the majority was synthetic fibers found in clothing and some types of nets. The implication from the fact that fish are being contaminated with microplastic is that those plastics and their chemicals will bioaccumulate in the food chain.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>

One study analyzed the plastic-derived chemical called <a href="Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">polybrominated diphenyl ethers</a> (PBDEs) in the stomachs of <a href="Short-tailed_shearwater" title="Short-tailed shearwater">short-tailed shearwaters</a>. It found that one-fourth of the birds had higher-brominated <a href="Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congeners</a> that are not naturally found in their prey. However, the PBDE got into the birds' systems through plastic that was found in the stomachs of the birds. It is therefore not just the plastics that are being transferred through the food chain but the chemicals from the plastics as well.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3></div>

The manufacture of plastic products uses <a href="Granular_material" title="Granular material">granules</a> and small <a href="Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> pellets as their raw material. In the United States, production increased from 2.9 million pellets in 1960 to 21.7 million pellets in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 2019, plastic world production was 368 million tonnes; 51% were produced in Asia. China, the world's largest producer, created 31% of the world total.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Through accidental spillage during land or sea transport, inappropriate use as <a href="Packing_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Packing material">packing materials</a>, and direct outflow from processing plants, these raw materials can enter <a href="Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a>. In an assessment of Swedish waters using an 80 μm mesh, KIMO Sweden found typical microplastic concentrations of 150–2,400 microplastics per m3; in a harbor adjacent to a plastic production facility, the concentration was 102,000 per m3.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-2011-27">[27]</a>

Many industrial sites in which convenient raw plastics are frequently used are located near bodies of water. If spilled during production, these materials may enter the surrounding environment, polluting waterways.<a href="#cite_note-Sundt-2015-35">[35]</a> "More recently, Operation Cleansweep, a joint initiative of the <a href="American_Chemistry_Council" title="American Chemistry Council">American Chemistry Council</a> and <a href="Society_of_the_Plastics_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of the Plastics Industry">Society of the Plastics Industry</a>, is aiming for industries to commit to zero pellet loss during their operations".<a href="#cite_note-Cole-2011-27">[27]</a> Overall, there is a significant lack of research aimed at specific industries and companies that contribute to microplastics pollution.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_protective_equipment">Personal protective equipment</h3></div>

Since the emergence of the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the usage of <a href="Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">medical face masks</a> has sharply increased.<a href="#cite_note-Saliu_100042-123">[123]</a> Single use face masks are made from polymers, such as <a href="Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>, <a href="Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, <a href="Polyacrylonitrile" title="Polyacrylonitrile">polyacrylonitrile</a>, <a href="Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>, <a href="Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a>, <a href="Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, or <a href="Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>. The increase in production, consumption, and littering of face masks has been added to the list of environmental challenges, due to the addition of plastic particle waste to the environment. After degrading, disposable face masks can break down into smaller size particles (under 5mm), creating a prolific source of microplastic.<a href="#cite_note-Fadare-2020-124">[124]</a> A single surgical weathered face mask can release up to 173,000 fibers/ day.<a href="#cite_note-Saliu_100042-123">[123]</a>

A report made in February 2020 by Oceans Asia, an organization committed to advocacy and research on marine pollution, confirms "the presence of face masks of different types and colors in an ocean in Hong Kong".<a href="#cite_note-Fadare-2020-124">[124]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sewage_treatment_plants">Sewage treatment plants</h3></div>

<a href="Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a> plants, also known as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), remove contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage, using various physical, chemical, and biological processes.<a href="#cite_note-Carr-2016-125">[125]</a> Most plants in developed countries have both <a href="Sewage_treatment#Primary_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">primary</a> and <a href="Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">secondary treatment</a> stages, and some provide a <a href="Sewage_treatment#Tertiary_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">tertiary stage</a>. In the primary stage of treatment, physical processes are employed to remove oils, sand, and other large solids using conventional filters, <a href="Clarifier" title="Clarifier">clarifiers</a>, and settling tanks.<a href="#cite_note-EPA,_Ireland-1997-126">[126]</a> Secondary treatment uses biological processes involving <a href="Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> to break down organic matter. Common secondary technologies are <a href="Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">activated sludge</a> systems, <a href="Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">trickling filters</a>, and <a href="Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">constructed wetlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EPA,_Ireland-1997-126">[126]</a> The optional tertiary treatment stage may include processes for nutrient removal (<a href="Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>) and <a href="Disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinfection">disinfection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EPA,_Ireland-1997-126">[126]</a>

Microplastics have been detected in both the primary and secondary treatment stages of the plants. A groundbreaking 1998 study suggested that microplastic fibers would be a persistent indicator of sewage sludges and wastewater treatment plant outfalls.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> A study estimated that about one particle per liter of microplastics are being released back into the environment, with a removal efficiency of about 99.9%.<a href="#cite_note-Carr-2016-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> A 2016 study showed that most microplastics are actually removed during the primary treatment stage where solid skimming and sludge settling are used.<a href="#cite_note-Carr-2016-125">[125]</a> When these treatment facilities are functioning properly, the contribution of microplastics into oceans and surface water environments from WWTPs is not disproportionately large.<a href="#cite_note-Carr-2016-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murphy2016-64">[64]</a> Many studies show that while wastewater treatment plants certainly reduce the microplastic load on waterways, with current technological developments they are not able to clean the waters fully of this pollutant.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a>

Sewage sludge is used for soil fertilizer in some countries, which exposes plastics in the sludge to the weather, sunlight, and other biological factors, causing fragmentation. As a result, microplastics from these biosolids often end up in storm drains and eventually into bodies of water.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In addition, some studies show that microplastics do pass through filtration processes at some WWTPs.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-2011-27">[27]</a> According to a study from the UK, samples taken from sewage sludge disposal sites on the coasts of six continents contained an average one particle of microplastic per liter. A significant amount of these particles was of clothing fibers from washing machine effluent.<a href="#cite_note-Browne-2011-75">[75]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Car_and_truck_tires">Car and truck tires</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></div>

Wear and tear from <a href="Tire" title="Tire">tires</a> significantly contributes to the flow of (micro-)plastics into the environment. Estimates of emissions of microplastics to the environment in Denmark are between <a href="Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)#106_to_1011_kg" title="Orders of magnitude (mass)">5,500 and 14,000 tonnes (6,100 and 15,400 tons)</a> per year. Secondary microplastics (e.g. from car and truck tires or footwear) are more important than primary microplastics by two orders of magnitude. The formation of microplastics from the degradation of larger plastics in the environment is not accounted for in the study.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>

The estimated per capita emission ranges from 0.23 to 4.7 kg/year, with a global average of 0.81 kg/year. The emissions from car tires (wear reaching 100%) are substantially higher than those of other sources of microplastics, e.g., airplane tires (2%), artificial turf (wear 12–50%), brakes (wear 8%), and road markings (wear 5%). In the case of road markings, recent field study indicated that they were protected by a layer of glass beads and their contribution was only between 0.1 and 4.3 g/person/year,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> which would constitute approximately 0.7% of all of the secondary microplastics emissions; this value agrees with some emissions estimates.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Emissions and pathways depend on local factors like road type or sewage systems. The relative contribution of tire wear and tear to the total global amount of plastics ending up in our oceans is estimated to be 5–10%. In air, 3–7% of the <a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">particulate matter</a> (PM2.5) is estimated to consist of tire wear and tear, indicating that it may contribute to the global health burden of air pollution which has been projected by the <a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> at 3 million deaths in 2012. Pollution from tire wear and tear also enters the food chain, but further research is needed to assess human health risks.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shipping">Shipping</h4></div>

<a href="Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">Shipping</a> has significantly contributed to <a href="Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a>. Some statistics indicate that in 1970, commercial shipping fleets around the world dumped over 23,000 tons of plastic waste into the marine environment. In 1988, an international agreement (<a href="MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL 73/78</a>, Annex V) prohibited the dumping of waste from ships into the marine environment. In the United States, the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 prohibits discharge of plastics in the sea, including from naval vessels.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> However, shipping remains a dominant source of <a href="Plastic_pollution#Effects_of_plastic_on_oceans_and_seabirds" title="Plastic pollution">plastic pollution</a>, having contributed around 6.5 million tons of plastic in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Derraik-2002-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19528054-141">[141]</a> Research has shown that approximately 10% of the plastic found on the beaches in <a href="Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> are nurdles.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2009-142">[142]</a> In one incident on 24 July 2012, 150 tonnes of nurdles and other raw plastic material spilled from a shipping vessel off the coast near <a href="Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> after a major storm. This waste from the Chinese company <a href="Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a> was reported to have piled up in large quantities on beaches.<a href="#cite_note-Sundt-2015-35">[35]</a> While this is a large incident of spillage, researchers speculate that smaller accidents also occur and further contribute to marine microplastic pollution.<a href="#cite_note-Sundt-2015-35">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exposure_pathways">Exposure pathways</h2></div>

Airborne microplastics have been detected in the <a href="Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>, as well as <a href="Indoor_air_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor air pollution">indoors</a> and outdoors. Microplastic can be atmospherically transported to remote areas by the wind.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> A 2017 study found indoor airborne microfiber concentrations between 1.0 and 60.0 microfibers per cubic meter (33% of which were found to be microplastics).<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Another study looked at microplastic in the street dust of <a href="Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and found 2,649 particles of microplastic within 10 samples of street dust, with ranging samples concentrations from 83 particle – 605 particles (±10) per 30.0 g of street dust.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Microplastics and microfibers were also found in snow samples,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and high up in "clean" air in high mountains at vast distances from their source.<a href="#cite_note-mountains-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Much like freshwater ecosystems and soil, more studies are needed to understand the full impact and significance of airborne microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-SAPEA_Scientific_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies_2019-149">[149]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oceans">Oceans</h4></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Marine_plastic_pollution#Microplastics" title="Marine plastic pollution">Marine plastic pollution § Microplastics</a>.[<a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_plastic_pollution&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt">

A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the use of microplastics. Microplastics are beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, the microplastics go through the water filtration system and into the ocean, but because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens on wastewater plants.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> These beads are harmful to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is difficult to clean them up due to their size, so humans can try to avoid using these harmful plastics by purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates.

Because plastic is so widely used across the planet, microplastics have become widespread in the marine environment. For example, microplastics can be found on sandy beaches<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> and surface waters<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> as well as in the water column and deep sea sediment. Microplastics are also found within the many other types of marine particles such as dead biological material (tissue and shells) and some soil particles (blown in by wind and carried to the ocean by rivers). Population density and proximity to urban centers have been considered the main factors that influence the abundance of microplastics in the environment.</div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ice_cores">Ice cores</h4></div>

<a href="Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> has previously been recorded in Antarctic surface waters and sediments as well as in the Arctic <a href="Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> but in 2009, for the first time, plastic was found in Antarctic sea ice, with 96 microplastic particles from 14 different types of polymers in an ice core sampled from east <a href="Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32319937-155">[155]</a> Relatively large particle sizes in Antarctic sea ice suggest local pollution sources.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freshwater">Freshwater</h4></div>

Microplastics have been widely detected in the world's aquatic environments.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31662247-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The first study on microplastics in <a href="Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a> was published in 2011 that found an average of 37.8 fragments per square meter of <a href="Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> sediment samples. Additionally, studies have found MP (microplastic) to be present in all of the <a href="Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> with an average concentration of 43,000 MP particle km−2.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Microplastics have also been detected in freshwater ecosystems outside of the United States, for example in 2019 study conducted in Poland showed that microplastic was present in all 30 studied lakes of the <a href="Masurian_Lake_District" title="Masurian Lake District">Masurian Lakeland</a> with density from 0.27 to 1.57 particles per liter.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In Canada, a three-year study found a mean microplastic concentration of 193,420 particles km−2 in <a href="Lake_Winnipeg" title="Lake Winnipeg">Lake Winnipeg</a>. None of the microplastics detected were micro-pellets or beads and most were fibers resulting from the breakdown of larger particles, synthetic textiles, or atmospheric fallout.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The highest concentration of microplastic ever discovered in a studied freshwater ecosystem was recorded in the Rhine river at 4000 MP particles kg−1.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Watersheds">Watersheds</h4></div>

Researchers from Western Carolina University, Highlands Biological Station, and Virginia Tech found microplastics in Richland Creek watershed in Western North Carolina. 90% of the microplastics were fibers, largely attributed to clothing, city runoff, and atmospheric deposition.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a>

A substantial portion of microplastics are expected to end up in the world's <a href="Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, yet very little research has been conducted on microplastics in soil outside of aquatic environments.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In wetland environments microplastic concentrations have been found to exhibit a negative correlation with vegetation cover and stem density.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31662247-156">[156]</a> There exists some speculation that fibrous secondary microplastics from washing machines could end up in soil through the failure of water treatment plants to completely filter out all of the microplastic fibers. Furthermore, geophagous soil fauna, such as earthworms, mites, and <a href="Collembola" class="mw-redirect" title="Collembola">collembolans</a> could contribute to the amount of secondary microplastic present in soil by converting consumed plastic debris into microplastic via digestive processes. Further research, however, is needed. There is concrete data linking the use of organic waste materials to <a href="Synthetic_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fibers">synthetic fibers</a> being found in the soil; but most studies on plastics in soil merely report its presence and do not mention origin or quantity.<a href="#cite_note-Boucher-2017-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Controlled studies on fiber-containing land-applied wastewater sludges (biosolids) applied to soil reported semiquantitative recoveries of the fibers a number of years after application.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_and_seafood">Salt and seafood</h3></div>

A 2015 review of 15 brands of table salts commercially available in China found microplastics were much more prevalent in sea salts compared to lake, rock, or well salts, attributing this to sea salts being contaminated by ocean water pollution while the rock/well salts were more likely contaminated during the production stages of collecting, wind drying, and packaging.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> According to a 2017 estimate, a person who consumes seafood will ingest 11,000 bits of microplastics per year. A 2019 study found a kilo of sugar had 440 microplastic particles, a kilo of salt contained 110 particles, and a litre of bottled water contained 94 particles.<a href="#cite_note-EIB-2023-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div>

The composition of microplastics are complex. A study in 2023 tested some fish species and found that "about 80% of the MPs detected were fibrous in shape and were made of <a href="Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> (25%), <a href="Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> (20%), and <a href="Polyamide" title="Polyamide">polyamide</a> (10%). Most microplastic particles observed were black (61%) or blue (27%) in color."<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar-172">[172]</a>

Microplastics contain two different types of chemicals. The first are additives and polymeric raw materials such as monomers or oligomers. Additives are chemicals intentionally added during plastic production to give plastic qualities like color and transparency and to enhance the performance of plastic products to improve both the resistance to degradation by ozone, temperature, light radiation, mold, bacteria and humidity, and mechanical, thermal and electrical resistance. Examples of additives in microplastics are inert or reinforcing fillers, plasticizers, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, lubricants, dyes and flame-retardants <a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The second type of chemicals are ones absorbed from the surrounding environment.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_the_environment">Effects on the environment</h2></div>

In 2008, an International Research Workshop at the <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> at Tacoma concluded that microplastics were a problem in the marine environment, based on their documented occurrence, the long residence times of these particles, their likely buildup in the future, and their demonstrated ingestion by <a href="Marine_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine organism">marine organisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a>

According to a comprehensive review of scientific evidence published by the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="Scientific_Advice_Mechanism" title="Scientific Advice Mechanism">Scientific Advice Mechanism</a> in 2019, microplastics were present in every part of the environment. While there was no evidence of widespread ecological risk from microplastic pollution yet, risks were likely to become widespread within a century if pollution continued at its current rate.<a href="#cite_note-SAPEA_Scientific_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies_2019-149">[149]</a>

As of 2020 microplastics had been detected in freshwater systems including marshes, streams, ponds, lakes, and rivers in Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31662247-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Samples collected across 29 <a href="Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> tributaries from six states in the United States were found to contain plastic particles, 98% of which were microplastics ranging in size from 0.355mm to 4.75mm.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Likewise, they have been found in high mountains, at great distances from their source.<a href="#cite_note-mountains-147">[147]</a>

Deep layer ocean sediment surveys in China (2020) show the presence of plastics in deposition layers far older than the invention of plastics, leading to suspected underestimation of microplastics in surface sample ocean surveys.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31994391-177">[177]</a>

In September 2021 <a href="Hurricane_Larry" title="Hurricane Larry">Hurricane Larry</a> deposited, during the storm peak, 113,000 particles/m2/day as it passed over <a href="Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, Canada. Back-trajectory modelling and polymer type analysis indicated that those microplastics may have been ocean-sourced as the hurricane traversed the <a href="North_Atlantic_garbage_patch" title="North Atlantic garbage patch">North Atlantic garbage patch</a> of the <a href="North_Atlantic_Gyre" title="North Atlantic Gyre">North Atlantic Gyre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2023-11-23_N-CEE-178">[178]</a>

As of 2023 there was rapid growth of microplastic pollution research, with marine and estuarine environments most frequently studied. Researchers have called for better sharing of research data that might lead to effective solutions.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a>

A 2023 study formally identified plasticosis as a fibrotic disease caused by plastic ingestion, distinguishing it from general physical damage by detailing the chronic tissue remodeling and inflammation it induces in seabird digestive systems.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a>

Consequences of plastic degradation and pollution release over long term have mostly been overlooked. The large amounts of plastic in the environment, exposed to degradation, with years of decay and release of toxic compounds to follow was referred to as toxicity debt.<a href="#cite_note-Rillig-2021-38">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_and_freshwater_organisms">Marine and freshwater organisms</h3></div>

Microplastics are inconspicuous, being less than 5 mm. Particles of this size are available to every species, enter the food chain at the bottom, and become embedded in animal tissue.

Micro- and nanoplastics can become embedded in animals' tissue through ingestion or respiration. The initial demonstration of bioaccumulation of these particles in animals was conducted under controlled conditions by exposing them to high concentrations of microplastics over extended periods, accumulating these particles in their gut and gills due to ingestion and respiration, respectively. Various annelid species, such as deposit-feeding <a href="Lugworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugworm">lugworms</a> (Arenicola marina), have been shown to accumulate microplastics embedded in their <a href="Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>. Similarly, many <a href="Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, like the shore crab <a href="Carcinus_maenas" title="Carcinus maenas">Carcinus maenas</a>, have been seen to integrate microplastics into both their respiratory and digestive tracts.<a href="#cite_note-Grossman-2015b-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24972075-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2004-182">[182]</a> Plastic particles are often mistaken by fish for food, which can block their digestive tracts, sending incorrect feeding signals to the brains of the animals.<a href="#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-9">[9]</a> However, research in 2021 revealed that fish ingest microplastics inadvertently rather than intentionally.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The first occurrence of bioaccumulation of micro and nanoplastics in wild animals was documented in the skin mucosa of salmon, and it was attributed to the resemblance between nanoplastics and the outer shell of the viruses that the mucosa traps.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> This discovery was entirely serendipitous, as the research team had developed a detailed molecular separation process for the components of fish skin with the primary objective of isolating <a href="Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> from a vertebrate for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a>

A study done at the Argentinean coastline of the <a href="Rio_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de la Plata">Rio de la Plata</a> <a href="Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>, found the presence of microplastics in the guts of 11 species of coastal freshwater fish. These 11 species of fish represented four different feeding habits: <a href="Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivore</a>, <a href="Planktivore" title="Planktivore">planktivore</a>, <a href="Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivore</a> and <a href="Ichthyophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyophagous">ichthyophagous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> This study is one of the few so far to show the ingestion of microplastics by freshwater organisms.

It can take up to 14 days for microplastics to pass through an animal (as compared to a normal digestion period of 2 days), but enmeshment of the particles in animals' <a href="Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> can prevent elimination entirely.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24972075-181">[181]</a> When microplastic-laden animals are consumed by predators, the microplastics are then incorporated into the bodies of higher trophic-level feeders. For example, scientists have reported plastic accumulation in the stomachs of <a href="Lantern_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lantern fish">lantern fish</a> which are small filter feeders and are the main prey for commercial fish like <a href="Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> and <a href="Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Microplastics also absorb chemical pollutants that can be transferred into the organism's tissues.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Small animals are at risk of reduced food intake due to false satiation and resulting starvation or other physical harm from the microplastics.

<a href="Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a> ingest microplastics beads (1.7–30.6 μm) and excrete fecal matter contaminated with microplastics. Along with ingestion, the microplastics stick to the appendages and exoskeleton of the zooplankton.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-2013-3">[3]</a> Zooplankton, among other marine organisms, consume microplastics because they emit similar infochemicals, notably <a href="Dimethyl_sulfide" title="Dimethyl sulfide">dimethyl sulfide</a>, just as <a href="Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> do.<a href="#cite_note-Savoca-2016-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Plastics such as <a href="High-density_polyethylene" title="High-density polyethylene">high-density polyethylene</a> (HDPE), <a href="Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">low-density polyethylene</a> (LDPE), and <a href="Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> (PP) produce dimethyl sulfide odors.<a href="#cite_note-Savoca-2016-190">[190]</a> These types of plastics are commonly found in plastic bags, food storage containers, and bottle caps.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Green and red filaments of plastics are found in the planktonic organisms and in seaweeds.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a>

<a href="Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeders</a>, such as <a href="Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> <a href="Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumbers</a>, who are non-selective scavengers that feed on <a href="Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris on the ocean floor</a>, ingest large amounts of sediment. It has been shown that four species of sea cucumber (Thyonella gemmate, <a href="Holothuria_floridana" title="Holothuria floridana">Holothuria floridana</a>, <a href="Holothuria_grisea" title="Holothuria grisea">H. grisea</a> and <a href="Cucumaria_frondosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucumaria frondosa">Cucumaria frondosa</a>) ingested between 2- and 20-fold more PVC fragments and between 2- and 138-fold more nylon line fragments (as much as 517 fibers per organism) based on plastic-to-sand grain ratios from each sediment treatment. These results suggest that individuals may be selectively ingesting plastic particles. This contradicts the accepted indiscriminate feeding strategy of sea cucumbers, and may occur in all presumed non-selective feeders when presented with microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a>

The larvae of <a href="Caddisflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddisflies">caddisflies</a> (Trichoptera), freshwater insects that build protective cases, now also include microplastic particles into their builds. In 2023, caddisfly cases were rediscovered in the <a href="Natural_history_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural history collection">natural history collection</a> of the <a href="Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center" title="Naturalis Biodiversity Center">Naturalis Biodiversity Center</a>, which were collected in 1971 and 1986, yet already contained microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> This discovery predates the coining of the term microplastic in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> as well as the initiation of microplastic research in freshwater environments. These historical specimens thus provide a unique opportunity to retrospectively study the occurrence and impact of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> A recent 2025 study revealed that in certain streams, over half of all caddisfly cases incorporated artificial materials.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a>

<a href="Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a>, important aquatic filter feeders, have also been shown to ingest microplastics and nanoplastics.<a href="#cite_note-Tallec-2018-200">[200]</a> Upon exposure to microplastics, bivalve filtration ability decreases.<a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2018-201">[201]</a> Multiple cascading effects occur as a result, such as immunotoxicity and <a href="Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tang-2020a-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sun-2020-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tang-2020b-204">[204]</a> Decreased immune function occurs due to reduced <a href="Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> and <a href="NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a> gene activity.<a href="#cite_note-Tang-2020a-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tang-2020b-204">[204]</a> Impaired neurological function is a result of the inhibition of <a href="Cholinesterase" title="Cholinesterase">ChE</a> and suppression of neurotransmitter regulatory enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-Tang-2020b-204">[204]</a> When exposed to microplastics, bivalves also experience <a href="Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, indicating an impaired ability to detoxify compounds within the body, which can ultimately damage DNA.<a href="#cite_note-Sun-2020-203">[203]</a> Bivalve gametes and larvae are also impaired when exposed to microplastics. Rates of developmental arrest, and developmental malformities increase, while rates of fertilization decrease.<a href="#cite_note-Tallec-2018-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> When bivalves have been exposed to microplastics as well as other pollutants such as <a href="Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">POPs</a>, mercury or <a href="Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> in lab settings, toxic effects were shown to be aggravated.<a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2018-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tang-2020a-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sun-2020-203">[203]</a>

Not only fish and free-living organisms can ingest microplastics. Some corals such as <a href="Pocillopora_verrucosa" title="Pocillopora verrucosa">Pocillopora verrucosa</a> have also been found to ingest microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <a href="Scleractinia" title="Scleractinia">Scleractinian corals</a>, which are primary reef-builders, have been shown to ingest microplastics under laboratory conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-2015-207">[207]</a> Researchers from Japan and Thailand investigating microplastics in coral have found that all three parts of the coral anatomy (surface mucus, tissue, and skeleton) contain microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> According to recent study, mall-polyp corals (P. cf. damicornis and P. lutea) demonstrated a higher degree of MP accumulation than the large-polyp corals.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The interplay of precipitation, wind patterns, and ocean currents considerably influences MP abundance in corals by increasing the exposure of corals to elevated MP concentrations. Additionally, since the reef site was situated near a large rock formation, it experienced strong water movements due to constant wave action. MPs deposited in skeletons are likely to be preserved on a millennium timescale, even if the corals die. Thus, given the extensive presence of coral reefs worldwide, corals can accumulate a considerable number of MPs, thereby acting as a sink for ocean plastics.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a>

While the effects of ingestion on these corals has not been studied, corals can easily become stressed and bleach. Microplastics have been shown to stick to the exterior of the corals after exposure in the laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-2015-207">[207]</a> The adherence to the outside of corals can potentially be harmful, because corals cannot handle sediment or any <a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">particulate matter</a> on their exterior and slough it off by secreting mucus, expending energy in the process, increasing the likelihood of mortality.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> The thermodynamic properties, development, and nutrition of corals are thought to be negatively impacted by the engaged consumption and detached exterior bond strength of MPs. This could result in decreased feed intake, decreased photosynthetic efficiency, altered metabolic rates, decreased bone calcification, and even skin chlorination and necrotizing.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a>

Marine biologists in 2017 discovered that three-quarters of the underwater <a href="Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrass</a> in the <a href="Turneffe_Atoll" title="Turneffe Atoll">Turneffe Atoll</a> off the coast of Belize had microplastic fibers, shards, and beads stuck to it. The plastic pieces had been overgrown by <a href="Epibiont" title="Epibiont">epibionts</a> (organisms that naturally stick themselves to seagrass). Seagrass is part of the <a href="Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">barrier reef</a> ecosystem and is fed on by <a href="Parrotfish" title="Parrotfish">parrotfish</a>, which in turn are eaten by humans. These findings, published in Marine Pollution Bulletin, may be "the first discovery of microplastics on aquatic vascular plants... [and] only the second discovery of microplastics on marine plant life anywhere in the world."<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a>

Research published in 2023 demonstrated that microplastic exposure impaired the cognitive performance of hermit crabs, which could potentially impact their survivability.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbes,_soil_ecosystems_and_terrestrial_plants">Microbes, soil ecosystems and terrestrial plants</h3></div>

Microplastics can affect the soil ecosystem and stunt the growth of terrestrial plants due to the increased uptake of toxic metals such as cadmium.<a href="#cite_note-Boots2019-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Microplastics can reduce weight of <a href="Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boots2019-215">[215]</a>

Microbes also live on the surface of microplastics, and can form a <a href="Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> which, according to a 2019 study,<a href="#cite_note-Wu-2019-219">[219]</a> has a unique structure and possesses a special risk, because microplastic biofilms have been proven to provide a novel habitat for colonization that increases overlap between different species, thus spreading <a href="Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> and <a href="Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistant</a> genes<a href="#cite_note-Guruge-2024-220">[220]</a> through <a href="Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>. Then, due to rapid movement through waterways, these pathogens can be moved from their origin to another location where a specific pathogen may not be naturally present, spreading potential disease.<a href="#cite_note-Wu-2019-219">[219]</a> There is concern microplastic pollutants may act as a vector for <a href="Antibiotic_resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistant">antibiotic resistant</a> genes and bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-Stapleton-2023-221">[221]</a> Clinically important bacterial genus like <a href="Eggerthella" title="Eggerthella">Eggerthella</a> were more than three times enriched on riverine microplastics compared to water.<a href="#cite_note-Guruge-2024-220">[220]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3></div>

In 2019, the first European records of microplastic items in amphibians' stomach content was reported in specimens of the common European newt (<a href="Triturus_carnifex" class="mw-redirect" title="Triturus carnifex">Triturus carnifex</a>). This also represented the first evidence for <a href="Caudata" title="Caudata">Caudata</a> worldwide, highlighting that the emerging issue of plastics is a threat even in remote high-altitude environments.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The microplastic has also been found in common blackbirds (<a href="Common_blackbird" title="Common blackbird">Turdus merula</a>) and song thrushes (<a href="Song_thrush" title="Song thrush">Turdus philomelos</a>) which shows a ubiquity of microplastics in terrestrial environments.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a>

In 2023, <a href="Plasticosis" title="Plasticosis">plasticosis</a>, a new disease caused solely by plastics, was discovered in seabirds who had scarred digestive tracts from ingesting plastic waste.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> "When birds ingest small pieces of plastic, [...]it inflames the digestive tract. Over time, the persistent inflammation causes tissues to become scarred and disfigured, affecting digestion, growth and survival."<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persistent_organic_pollutants_and_emerging_organic_contaminants">Persistent organic pollutants and emerging organic contaminants</h3></div>

Plastic particles may highly concentrate and transport synthetic organic compounds (e.g. <a href="Persistent_organic_pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent organic pollutants">persistent organic pollutants</a> and emerging organic contaminants), commonly present in the environment and ambient seawater, on their surface through <a href="Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Microplastics can act as carriers for the transfer of POPs from the environment to organisms, also termed as the <a href="Trojan_Horse_effect" title="Trojan Horse effect">Trojan Horse effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-Derraik-2002-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19528054-141">[141]</a> Recent articles have also shown that microplastics can sorb emerging organic chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products.<a href="#cite_note-Arvaniti-2022-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> The sorption potential is affected by water matrix, pH, ionic strength and aging of microparticles.<a href="#cite_note-Arvaniti-2022-228">[228]</a>

Additives added to plastics during manufacture may leach out upon ingestion, potentially causing serious harm to the organism. <a href="Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruption</a> by <a href="Plastic_additive" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic additive">plastic additives</a> may affect the <a href="Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">reproductive health</a> of humans and wildlife alike.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19528054-141">[141]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geophysics">Geophysics</h3></div>

Microplastics can increase the stability of breaking waves or <a href="Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">sea foam</a>, potentially affecting sea <a href="Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> or atmosphere-ocean gas exchange.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Microplastics in the ocean may re-enter the atmosphere via <a href="Sea_spray" title="Sea spray">sea spray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_health">Human health</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Microplastics_effects_on_human_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Microplastics effects on human health">Microplastics effects on human health</a></div>

Although the impacts of microplastics on human health are still being tested, their possible effects can be studied through human absorption models of nanomaterials that are produced by various industrial production processes.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that micro- and nanoplastics were able to cause serious impacts on the human body, including physical stress and damage, apoptosis, necrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and immune responses.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Microplastic pollution has been associated with various adverse human health conditions, including <a href="Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory disease</a> and <a href="Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, but it was not known whether this was a causative effect.<a href="#cite_note-Blackburn-2022-234">[234]</a> Microplastics accumulate in the brain, in particular polyethylenes.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a>

Microplastics often contain chemical additives like phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), which are known endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Microplastics and their additives can disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, a critical regulator of male reproductive function.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a>

A study from Harvard found that microplastics have been linked to "inflammation, cell death, lung and liver effects, changes in the gut microbiome, and altered lipid and hormone metabolism."<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a>

A number of studies have concluded that microplastics create inflammatory effects in the human body. An in vitro study found that ultrafine particles composed of low-toxicity material, such as polystyrene, have proinflammatory activity as a consequence of their large surface area.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Another study found pro-inflammatory factors and debris in human joints from polyethylene components used as prostheses, for example knee and hip replacements.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a>

In vitro studies have also shown that different polystyrene nanoparticles can induce oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagic cell death in cell context-dependent manner.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-240">[240]</a> Despite these toxic effects, no obvious severe toxicity was observed in liver, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, large intestine, testes, lungs, heart, spleen, and kidneys of mice following oral exposure of a mixture of microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a>

Recent studies have revealed that microplastics and nanoplastics can impair cellular metabolism in both in vitro and in vivo models.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-240">[240]</a> After exposure to negatively charged carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles measuring 20 nm, basolateral K+ ion channels were found to be activated in human lung cells. The nanoplastic particles caused persistent and concentration-dependent increases in short-circuit currents by the activation of the ion channels and the stimulation of Cl− and HCO3− ion efflux.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Furthermore, 30 nm polystyrene nanoparticles induced large vesicle-like structures in the endocytic route in macrophages and human cancer cell lines A549, HepG-2, and HCT116. As a result, vesicle transport and the distribution of proteins involved in cytokinesis are blocked, thus stimulating the formation of binucleated cells.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Microplastic_remediation" title="Microplastic remediation">Microplastic remediation</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dust_control">Dust control</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

Some of the suggested dust control measures include "lining cutting areas with tarps, cutting inside a protective tent, and using vacuum bags on power tool" when cutting materials like <a href="Trex_Company%2C_Inc." title="Trex Company, Inc.">Trex</a> and Azek. The cost of these measures is low."<a href="#cite_note-powertool-97">[97]</a> Street sweeping may also inhibited the spread of pollutants by gathering significant amounts of dirty materials from the extensive construction, renovation and reconstruction projects of road tunnels, bridges, roads and buildings.<a href="#cite_note-lapyote2023-102">[102]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3></div>

Some researchers have proposed incinerating plastics to use as energy, which is known as energy recovery. As opposed to losing the energy from plastics into the atmosphere in <a href="Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>, this process turns some of the plastics back into energy that can be used. However, as opposed to recycling, this method does not diminish the amount of plastic material that is produced. Therefore, <a href="Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">recycling plastics</a> is considered a more efficient solution.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2009-142">[142]</a>

<a href="Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a> is another possible solution to large amounts of microplastic waste. In this process, microorganisms consume and decompose synthetic polymers by means of enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-Auta-2017-244">[244]</a> These plastics can then be used in the form of energy and as a source of <a href="Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> once broken down. The microbes could potentially be used to treat sewage wastewater, which would decrease the amount of microplastics that pass through into the surrounding environments.<a href="#cite_note-Auta-2017-244">[244]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filtering">Filtering</h3></div>

Efficient removal of microplastics via waste water treatment plants is critical to prevent the transfer of microplastics from society to natural water systems. The captured microplastics in the treatment plants become part of the sludge produced by the plants. The problem is that this sludge is often used as farm fertilizer meaning the plastics enter waterways through runoff.<a href="#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-9">[9]</a>

<a href="Fionn_Ferreira" title="Fionn Ferreira">Fionn Ferreira</a>, winner of the 2019 <a href="Google_Science_Fair" title="Google Science Fair">Google Science Fair</a>, is developing a device for the removal of microplastic particles from water using a <a href="Ferrofluid" title="Ferrofluid">ferrofluid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collection_devices">Collection devices</h3></div>

<a href="The_Ocean_Cleanup" title="The Ocean Cleanup">The Ocean Cleanup</a>, a Dutch foundation, has developed various proposals, with the stated aim of "clearing 90% of the ocean's microplastics".<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> The project has been met with widespread criticism from oceanographers and plastic pollution experts, despite positive news articles.<a href="#cite_note-:0-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> It has been dismissed by almost all microplastics experts as unlikely to have any impact on the microplastics issue. Some of the reasons for this are it only targets plastics larger than 2 cm (this is larger than the criteria for a microplastic), is infeasible from an engineering standpoint and likely to fail rapidly, and it only captures plastic from the top 3m of depth (most plastic circulates much deeper than this.<a href="#cite_note-:0-249">[249]</a>

In addition, <a href="Plastisphere#Degradation_by_microorganisms" title="Plastisphere">some bacteria</a> have adapted to eat plastic, and some bacteria species have been genetically modified to eat (certain types of) plastics.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Other than degrading microplastics, microbes had been engineered in a novel way to capture microplastics in their biofilm matrix from polluted samples for easier removal of such pollutants.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> The microplastics in the biofilms can then be released with an engineered 'release' mechanism via biofilm dispersal to facilitate with microplastics recovery.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a>

Absorption devices include <a href="Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a> made of <a href="Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="Squid" title="Squid">squid</a> bones, which may be scalable for water <a href="Microplastic_remediation" title="Microplastic remediation">remediation</a> projects.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_recycling">Education and recycling</h3></div>

Increasing education through recycling campaigns is another proposed solution for microplastic contamination. While this would be a smaller-scale solution, education has been shown to reduce littering, especially in urban environments where there are often large concentrations of plastic waste.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2009-142">[142]</a> If recycling efforts are increased, a cycle of plastic use and reuse would be created to decrease our waste output and production of new raw materials. In order to achieve this, states would need to employ stronger infrastructure and investment around recycling.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Some advocate for improving recycling technology to be able to recycle smaller plastics to reduce the need for production of new plastics.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2009-142">[142]</a>

In April 2013, Italian artist <a href="Maria_Cristina_Finucci" title="Maria Cristina Finucci">Maria Cristina Finucci</a> founded <a href="Garbage_Patch_State" title="Garbage Patch State">The Garbage Patch State</a> in order to create awareness,<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> under the patronage of <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and the Italian Ministry of the Environment.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a>

In February 2013 the <a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) launched its "Trash-Free Waters" initiative to prevent single-use plastic wastes from ending up in waterways and ultimately the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> As of 2018, EPA collaborated with the <a href="United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a>–Caribbean Environment Programme (UNEP-CEP) and the <a href="Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> to reduce and remove trash in the <a href="Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> EPA also funded various projects in the <a href="San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> including one that is aimed at reducing the use of single-use plastics such as <a href="Disposable_cup" title="Disposable cup">disposable cups</a>, spoons and straws, from three <a href="University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> campuses.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a>

The Florida Microplastic Awareness Project (FMAP), a group of volunteers who search for microplastics in coastal water samples Many organizations advocate action to counter microplastic, spreading microplastic awareness.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Global advocacy aimed at achieving the target of the United Nations <a href="Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">Sustainable Development Goal 14</a> hopes to prevent and significantly reduce all forms of <a href="Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a> by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3></div>

The Clean Oceans Initiative is a project launched in 2018 by the public institutions <a href="European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a>, <a href="French_Development_Agency" title="French Development Agency">Agence Française de Développement</a> and <a href="KfW" title="KfW">KfW Entwicklungsbank</a>. Their goal was to provide up to €2 billion in lending, grants and technical assistance until 2023 to develop projects that removed pollution from waterways (with a focus on macroplastics and microplastics) before it reached the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-9">[9]</a> The effort focuses on initiatives that demonstrate efficient methods of minimising plastic waste and microplastics output, emphasising on riverine and coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-EIB-2022-264">[264]</a> <a href="Cassa_Depositi_e_Prestiti" title="Cassa Depositi e Prestiti">Cassa Depositi e Prestiti</a> (CDP), the Italian national promotional institution and financial institution for development cooperation, and the <a href="Official_Credit_Institute" title="Official Credit Institute">Instituto de Crédito Oficial</a> (ICO), the Spanish promotional bank, became new partners in October 2020.<a href="#cite_note-eib.org-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> As of December 2023, The Clean Oceans Initiative had funded almost €3.2 billion, exceeding 80% of its €4 billion objective. Over 20 million people were supposed to benefit from the signed project proposals, which include better wastewater treatment in Sri Lanka, China, Egypt, and South Africa, solid waste management in Togo and Senegal, and stormwater management and flood protection in Benin, Morocco, and Ecuador.<a href="#cite_note-unctad-2021-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a>

In February 2022, the initiative stated that it would increase its financing aim to €4 billion by the end of 2025. At the same time, the <a href="European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (EBRD) became the Clean Oceans Initiative's sixth member.<a href="#cite_note-EIB-2022-264">[264]</a> By February 2023, the program had met 65% of its goal, with €2.6 billion spent in 60 projects benefiting more than 20 million people across Africa, Asia, <a href="Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-eib.org-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> By the beginning of 2022, more than 80% of this target was achieved, with €1.6 billion being used in long-term financing for public and private sector initiatives that minimise the discharge of plastics, microplastics, and other pollutants through enhanced solid waste, wastewater, and storm water management.<a href="#cite_note-EIB-2022-264">[264]</a>

In January 2021, the European Investment Bank and the <a href="Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> had formed the Clean and Sustainable Ocean Partnership to promote cooperative projects for a clean and sustainable ocean and <a href="Blue_economy" title="Blue economy">blue economy</a> in the Asia-Pacific region.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_and_legislation">Policy and legislation</h2></div>

With increasing awareness of the detrimental effects of microplastics on the environment, groups are now advocating for the removal and ban of microplastics from various products.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> One such campaign is "Beat the Microbead", which focuses on removing plastics from personal care products.<a href="#cite_note-BeattheMicrobead-106">[106]</a> The Adventurers and Scientists for Conservation run the Global Microplastics Initiative, a project to collect water samples to provide scientists with better data about microplastic dispersion in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> has sponsored research and global assessment programs due to the trans-boundary issue that microplastic pollution constitutes.<a href="#cite_note-GreenFacts-275">[275]</a> These environmental groups will keep pressuring companies to remove plastics from their products in order to maintain healthy ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div>

In 2018, China banned the import of recyclables from other countries, forcing those other countries to re-examine their recycling schemes.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank-277">[277]</a> The Yangtze River in China contributes 55% of all plastic waste going to the seas. Including microplastics, the <a href="Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> bears an average of 500,000 pieces of plastic per square kilometer.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <a href="Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> reported that China dumps 30% of all plastics in the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div>

The <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> has noted the increased concern about the impact of microplastics on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-:a-280">[280]</a> In April 2018, the European Commission's <a href="Group_of_Chief_Scientific_Advisors" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Chief Scientific Advisors">Group of Chief Scientific Advisors</a> commissioned a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence on microplastic pollution through the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>'s <a href="Scientific_Advice_Mechanism" title="Scientific Advice Mechanism">Scientific Advice Mechanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:a-280">[280]</a> The evidence review was conducted by a working group nominated by European academies and delivered in January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-SAPEA_Scientific_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies_2019-149">[149]</a> A Scientific Opinion based on the SAPEA report was presented to the Commission in 2019, on the basis of which the commission will consider whether policy changes should be proposed at a European level to curb microplastic pollution.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a>

In January 2019, the <a href="European_Chemicals_Agency" title="European Chemicals Agency">European Chemicals Agency</a> (ECHA) proposed to restrict intentionally added microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a>

The European Union participates with 10% of the global total, around 150 000 tonnes of microplastics each year. This is 200 grams per person per year, with significant regional variance in per-capita microplastic creation.<a href="#cite_note-EIB-2023-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a>

The European Commission's Circular Economy Action Plan sets out mandatory requirements for the recycling and waste reduction of key products e.g. plastic packaging. The plan starts the process to restrict addition of microplastics in products. It mandates measures for capturing more microplastics at all stages of the lifecycle of a product. E.g. the plan would examine different policies which aim to reduce release of secondary microplastics from tires and textiles.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> The European Commission plans to update the <a href="Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive</a> to further address microplastic waste and other pollution. They aim to protect the environment from industrial and urban waste water discharge. A revision to the EU Drinking Water Directive was provisionally approved to ensure microplastics are regularly monitored in drinking water. It would require countries must propose solutions if a problem is found.<a href="#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-9">[9]</a>

The <a href="Registration%2C_Evaluation%2C_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">REACH</a> restriction on synthetic polymer microparticles entered into force on 17 October 2023.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haiti">Haiti</h3></div>

Haiti has no collective system for waste collection and treatment,<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> and thus plastic is often disposed of in urban water evacuation canals, which then degrade to form microplastics. Due to tropical temperatures and average daily duration of 12 hours, the plastics present in urban waterways could degrade more rapidly. Their discharge into Port-au-Prince Bay exposes this ecosystem to a number of environmental hazards pollutants contained in the waste, and to climatic hazards, particularly ocean acidification.<a href="#cite_note-St._Louis_Apply_Michel_Emmanuel_Microplastics_and_Environmental_Health-288">[288]</a>

On August 9, 2012, the Haitian government published a decree prohibiting the production, importation, marketing and use, of polyethylene bags and expanded polystyrene objects for foodstuffs. However, 14 Caribbean countries (more than a third) have banned single-use plastic bags and/or polystyrene containers.

On July 10, 2013, a second decree was published to once again prohibit "the importation, production or sale of expanded polystyrene articles for food use". In support of the second decree, the ministries of the Environment, Justice and Public Security, Trade and Industry as well as the Economy and Finance announced in a note published in January 2018 that specialists from the brigade will be deployed on the territory to force the application of the said decree.<a href="#cite_note-St._Louis_Apply_Michel_Emmanuel_Microplastics_and_Environmental_Health-288">[288]</a>

In 2024, the Hong Kong government implemented the first phase of its plastic restriction regulation. Promotional videos have also been produced to encourage citizens to bring their own utensils when dining out, to refrain from using disposable utensils, and to bring their own shopping bags when shopping. Merchants are prohibited from providing related plastic products to customers.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div>

On 15 June 2018, the Japanese government passed a bill with the goal of reducing microplastic production and pollution, especially in aquatic environments.<a href="#cite_note-Japan_Times-2018-292">[292]</a> Proposed by the Environment Ministry and passed unanimously by the Upper House, this is also the first bill to pass in Japan that is specifically targeted at reducing microplastic production, specifically in the personal care industry with products such as face wash and toothpaste.<a href="#cite_note-Japan_Times-2018-292">[292]</a> This law is revised from previous legislation, which focused on removing plastic <a href="Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a>. It also focuses on increasing education and public awareness surrounding recycling and plastic waste.<a href="#cite_note-Japan_Times-2018-292">[292]</a> The Environment Ministry has also proposed a number of recommendations for methods to monitor microplastic quantities in the ocean (Recommendations, 2018).<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> However, the legislation does not specify any penalties for those who continue manufacturing products with microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-Japan_Times-2018-292">[292]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

The Environmental Protection (Microbeads) (England) Regulations 2017 ban the production of any rinse-off personal care products (such as exfoliants) containing microbeads.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Cabinet-2017-294">[294]</a> This particular law denotes specific penalties when it is not obeyed. Those who do not comply are required to pay a fine. In the event that a fine is not paid, product manufacturers may receive a stop notice, which prevents the manufacturer from continuing production until they have followed regulation preventing the use of microbeads. Criminal proceedings may occur if the stop notice is ignored.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Cabinet-2017-294">[294]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

In the US, some states have taken action to mitigate the negative environmental effects of microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> <a href="Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> was the first US state to ban cosmetics containing microplastics.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2009-142">[142]</a> At the federal level, the <a href="Microbead-Free_Waters_Act_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbead-Free Waters Act 2015">Microbead-Free Waters Act 2015</a> was enacted after being signed by President <a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on 28 December 2015. The law bans "rinse-off" cosmetic products that perform an exfoliating function, such as toothpaste or face wash. It does not apply to other products such as household cleaners. The act took effect on 1 July 2017, with respect to manufacturing, and 1 July 2018, with respect to introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce.<a href="#cite_note-PL114-114-296">[296]</a> On 16 June 2020, California adopted a definition of 'microplastics in drinking water', setting the foundation for a long-term approach to studying their contamination and human health effects.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a>

On 25 July 2018, a microplastic reduction amendment was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-Dan-2018-298">[298]</a> The legislation, as part of the Save Our Seas Act designed to combat marine pollution, aims to support the <a href="NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>'s Marine Debris Program. In particular, the amendment is geared towards promoting NOAA's Great Lakes Land-Based Marine Debris Action Plan to increase testing, cleanup, and education around plastic pollution in the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-Dan-2018-298">[298]</a> President <a href="Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> signed the re-authorization and amendment bill into effect on 11 October 2018.

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<ul><li><a href="Citizen_science#Plastics_and_pollution" title="Citizen science">Citizen Science</a>, cleanup projects that people can take part in.</li>

<li><a href="Microbead_(research)" title="Microbead (research)">Microbead (research)</a></li>

<li><a href="Microparticle#Microspheres" title="Microparticle">Microspheres</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_bans" title="Plastic bans">Plastic bans</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_pollution_in_the_Mediterranean_sea" title="Plastic pollution in the Mediterranean sea">Plastic pollution in the Mediterranean sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Tea_bag#Plastics" title="Tea bag">Tea bag plastics</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFBoctor2025" class="citation journal cs1">Boctor, Joseph (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12302-025-01104-x">"Microplastics and nanoplastics: fate, transport, and governance from agricultural soil to food webs and humans"</a>. Environmental Science Europe. 37 (1) 68. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025ESEur..37...68B">2025ESEur..37...68B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12302-025-01104-x">10.1186/s12302-025-01104-x</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreenJeffersonBootsStone2021" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Dannielle Senga; Jefferson, Megan; Boots, Bas; Stone, Leon (January 2021). "All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 402 124070. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JHzM..40224070G">2021JHzM..40224070G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2020.124070">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33254837">33254837</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Cole-2013-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cole-2013_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole-2013_3-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFColeLindequeFilemanHalsband2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, M; Lindeque, P; Fileman, E; Halsband, C; Goodhead, R; Moger, J; Galloway, TS (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plymsea.ac.uk/id/eprint/5461/1/Cole%20et%20al.pdf">"Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton"</a> (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (12): 6646–6655. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EnST...47.6646C">2013EnST...47.6646C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes400663f">10.1021/es400663f</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F19651">10871/19651</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23692270">23692270</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinelitterthefacts.com/sources">"Where Does Marine Litter Come From?"</a>. Marine Litter Facts. British Plastics Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518161039/https://www.marinelitterthefacts.com/sources">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Boucher-2017-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boucher-2017_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boucher-2017_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boucher-2017_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boucher-2017_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boucher-2017_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boucher-2017_5-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFBoucherFriot2017" class="citation book cs1">Boucher, Julien; Friot, Damien (2017). Primary microplastics in the oceans: A global evaluation of sources. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.CH.2017.01.en">10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.01.en</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-2-8317-1827-9</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKovochichLiongParkerOh2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kovochich, M; Liong, M; Parker, JA; Oh, SC; Lee, JP; Xi, L; Kreider, ML; Unice, KM (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.144085">"Chemical mapping of tire and road wear particles for single particle analysis"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 757 144085. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ScTEn.75744085K">2021ScTEn.75744085K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.144085">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144085</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33333431">33333431</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Conkle-2018-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conkle-2018_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conkle-2018_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conkle-2018_7-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFConkleBáez_Del_ValleTurner2018" class="citation journal cs1">Conkle, Jeremy L.; Báez Del Valle, Christian D.; Turner, Jeffrey W. (2018). "Are We Underestimating Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments?". Environmental Management. 61 (1): 1–8. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EnMan..61....1C">2018EnMan..61....1C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00267-017-0947-8">10.1007/s00267-017-0947-8</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29043380">29043380</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/114132313/plastic-free-july-how-to-stop-accidentally-consuming-plastic-particles-from-packaging">"Plastic free July: How to stop accidentally consuming plastic particles from packaging"</a>. Stuff. 11 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233257/https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/114132313/plastic-free-july-how-to-stop-accidentally-consuming-plastic-particles-from-packaging">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-European_Investment_Bank_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-European_Investment_Bank_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-European_Investment_Bank_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-European_Investment_Bank_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-European_Investment_Bank_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-European_Investment_Bank_9-5">f</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/essays/plastic-pollution">"Development solutions: Building a better ocean"</a>. European Investment Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021115556/https://www.eib.org/en/essays/plastic-pollution">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFResnick2018" class="citation news cs1">Resnick, Brian (19 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/19/17800654/clothes-plastic-pollution-polyester-washing-machine">"More than ever, our clothes are made of plastic. Just washing them can pollute the oceans"</a>. Vox.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChamasMoonZhengQiu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chamas, Ali; Moon, Hyunjin; Zheng, Jiajia; Qiu, Yang; Tabassum, Tarnuma; Jang, Jun Hee; Abu-Omar, Mahdi; Scott, Susannah L.; <a href="Sangwon_Suh" title="Sangwon Suh">Suh, Sangwon</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facssuschemeng.9b06635">"Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment"</a>. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 8 (9): 3494–3511. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facssuschemeng.9b06635">10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKleinDimzonEubelerKnepper2018" class="citation book cs1">Klein S, Dimzon IK, Eubeler J, Knepper TP (2018). "Analysis, Occurrence, and Degradation of Microplastics in the Aqueous Environment". In Wagner M, Lambert S (eds.). Freshwater Microplastics. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 58. Cham.: Springer. pp. 51–67. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-61615-5_3">10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_3</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-61614-8</bdi>.</cite> See Section 3, "Environmental Degradation of Synthetic Polymers".

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Grossman-2015a-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman-2015a_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman-2015a_13-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrossman2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Grossman, Elizabeth (15 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3669084/plastics-pollution-fish/">"How Plastics from Your Clothes Can End up in Your Fish"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118092803/https://time.com/3669084/plastics-pollution-fish/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065338/https://4ocean.com/blogs/blog/how-long-does-it-take-trash-to-biodegrade">"How Long Does it Take Trash to Decompose"</a>. 4Ocean. 20 January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://4ocean.com/blogs/blog/how-long-does-it-take-trash-to-biodegrade">the original</a> on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BBC-15"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_15-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/why-foods-plastic-problem-is-bigger-than-we-realise.html">"Why food's plastic problem is bigger than we realise"</a>. www.bbc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118053742/https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/why-foods-plastic-problem-is-bigger-than-we-realise.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNex2021" class="citation book cs1">Nex, Sally (2021). How to garden the low carbon way: the steps you can take to help combat climate change (First American ed.). New York: DK. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7440-2928-4</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1241100709">1241100709</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-USEPA-17"><a href="#cite_ref-USEPA_17-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/water-research/microplastics-research">"Microplastics Research"</a>. US EPA. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2024.</cite> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Andrea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/microplastics-earth-has-a-hidden-plastic-problem-mdash-scientists-are-hunting-it-down/">"Earth Has a Hidden Plastic Problem – Scientists Are Hunting It Down"</a>. Scientific American. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231021904/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/microplastics-earth-has-a-hidden-plastic-problem-mdash-scientists-are-hunting-it-down/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102120052/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/11/glitter-plastics-ocean-pollution-environment-spd/">"To Save the Oceans, Should You Give Up Glitter?"</a>. National Geographic News. 30 November 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/11/glitter-plastics-ocean-pollution-environment-spd/">the original</a> on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/microplastic-waste-this-massive-tiny-threat-to-sea-life-is-now-in-every-ocean-9602430.html">"Microplastic waste: This massive (tiny) threat to sea life is now in every ocean"</a>. The Independent. 13 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/microplastic-waste-this-massive-tiny-threat-to-sea-life-is-now-in-every-ocean-9602430.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIoakeimidisFotopoulouKarapanagiotiGeraga2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ioakeimidis, C; Fotopoulou, KN; Karapanagioti, HK; Geraga, M; Zeri, C; Papathanassiou, E; Galgani, F; Papatheodorou, G (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4802224">"The degradation potential of PET bottles in the marine environment: An ATR-FTIR based approach"</a>. Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 23501. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...623501I">2016NatSR...623501I</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep23501">10.1038/srep23501</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4802224">4802224</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27000994">27000994</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065413/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/ocean-life-eats-plastic-larvaceans-anchovy-environment/">"Ocean Life Eats Tons of Plastic – Here's Why That Matters"</a>. 16 August 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/ocean-life-eats-plastic-larvaceans-anchovy-environment/">the original</a> on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSebille" class="citation news cs1">Sebille, Erik van. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/far-more-microplastics-floating-in-oceans-than-thought-51974">"Far more microplastics floating in oceans than thought"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200119072037/http://theconversation.com/far-more-microplastics-floating-in-oceans-than-thought-51974">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-eea-24"><a href="#cite_ref-eea_24-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/microplastics-from-textiles-towards-a">"Microplastics from textiles: towards a circular economy for textiles in Europe — European Environment Agency"</a>. www.eea.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727193710/https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/microplastics-from-textiles-towards-a">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2024.</cite> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/" class="external"></a> This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw external" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> license.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Karbalaei-2018-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Karbalaei-2018_25-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKarbalaeiHanachiWalkerCole2018" class="citation journal cs1">Karbalaei, Samaneh; Hanachi, Parichehr; Walker, Tony R.; Cole, Matthew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plymsea.ac.uk/id/eprint/8036/1/Final%20manuscipt.pdf">"Occurrence, sources, human health impacts and mitigation of microplastic pollution"</a> (PDF). Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 25 (36): 36046–36063. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ESPR...2536046K">2018ESPR...2536046K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-018-3508-7">10.1007/s11356-018-3508-7</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30382517">30382517</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Patel-2009-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Patel-2009_26-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPatelGoyalBhadadaBhatt2009" class="citation journal cs1">Patel, MM; Goyal, BR; Bhadada, SV; Bhatt, JS; Amin, AF (2009). "Getting into the Brain: Approaches to Enhance Brain Drug Delivery". <a href="CNS_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="CNS Drugs">CNS Drugs</a>. 23 (1): 35–58. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F0023210-200923010-00003">10.2165/0023210-200923010-00003</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19062774">19062774</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Cole-2011-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cole-2011_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole-2011_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole-2011_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole-2011_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole-2011_27-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFCole_et_al.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Matthew; Lindeque, Pennie; Halsband, Claudia; Galloway, Tamara S. (2011). "Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 62 (12): 2588–2597. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MarPB..62.2588C">2011MarPB..62.2588C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2011.09.025">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F19649">10871/19649</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22001295">22001295</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-27440188">"Who, What, Why: Why do people want to ban 'microbeads'?"</a>. BBC News. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHuntLinVoulvoulis2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, Claire F.; Lin, Wilson H.; Voulvoulis, Nikolaos (14 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00651-w">"Evaluating alternatives to plastic microbeads in cosmetics"</a>. Nature Sustainability. 4 (4): 366–372. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSu...4..366H">2020NatSu...4..366H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41893-020-00651-w">10.1038/s41893-020-00651-w</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10044%2F1%2F84968">10044/1/84968</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2398-9629">2398-9629</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMasuraBakerFosterArthur2015" class="citation report cs1">Masura, Julie; Baker, Joel; Foster, Gregory; Arthur, Courtney (2015). Herring, Carlie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/10296">Laboratory Methods for the Analysis of Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments</a> (Report). NOAA Marine Debris Program. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623072341/https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/10296">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWeiBohlénLindbladHedenqvist2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wei, Xin-Feng; Bohlén, Martin; Lindblad, Catrin; Hedenqvist, Mikael; Hakonen, Aron (15 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2021.117123">"Microplastics generated from a biodegradable plastic in freshwater and seawater"</a>. Water Research. 198 117123. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021WatRe.19817123W">2021WatRe.19817123W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2021.117123">10.1016/j.watres.2021.117123</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33865028">33865028</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSuChengHouLin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Su, Yuanyuan; Cheng, Zhiruo; Hou, Yipeng; Lin, Shengyou; Gao, Liu; Wang, Zezheng; Bao, Ruiqi; Peng, Licheng (March 2022). "Biodegradable and conventional microplastics posed similar toxicity to marine algae Chlorella vulgaris". Aquatic Toxicology. 244 106097. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022AqTox.24406097S">2022AqTox.24406097S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquatox.2022.106097">10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106097</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35085953">35085953</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-aol-33"><a href="#cite_ref-aol_33-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilliams2024" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Bo (14 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aol.com/microplastics-tiny-threat-why-recycling-223057455.html">"Microplastics: The tiny threat and why recycling is not the best answer"</a>. AOL.com. <a href="WATE-TV" title="WATE-TV">WATE-TV</a>. Retrieved 17 October 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-effect-microplastics-humans-animals-environment.php">"What are the Sources of Microplastics and its Effect on Humans and the Environment? – Conserve Energy Future"</a>. Conserve Energy Future. 19 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065335/https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-effect-microplastics-humans-animals-environment.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sundt-2015-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sundt-2015_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sundt-2015_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sundt-2015_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sundt-2015_35-3">d</a> Sundt, Peter, and Schulze, Per-Erik: "Sources of microplastic-pollution to the marine environment", "Mepex for the Norwegian Environment Agency", 2015

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dhada-2023-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhada-2023_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhada-2023_36-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFDhadaPeriyasamySahooManojkumar2023" class="citation book cs1">Dhada, Indramani; Periyasamy, Arivalagan; Sahoo, Kaushal Kishor; Manojkumar, Y.; Pilli, Sridhar (2023). "Microplastics and nanoplastics: Occurrence, fate, and persistence in wastewater treatment plants". Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering. pp. 201–240. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-323-99908-3.00016-6">10.1016/B978-0-323-99908-3.00016-6</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-323-99908-3</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> There is not yet a consensus on this upper limit.

<cite id="CITEREFPinto_da_Costa2018" class="citation book cs1">Pinto da Costa, João (2018). "Nanoplastics in the Environment". In <a href="Roy_M._Harrison" title="Roy M. Harrison">Harrison, Roy M.</a>; Hester, Ron E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aC97DwAAQBAJ">Plastics and the Environment</a>. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 47. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 85. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-78801-241-6</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805212345/https://books.google.com/books?id=aC97DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2019. <q>First, it is necessary to define what constitutes a 'nanoplastic'. Nonoparticles exhibit specific properties that differ from their bulk counterparts and are generally considered as particles with less than 100nm in at least one dimension. [...] However, for nanoplastics, a clear consensus classification has not been reached and multiple size-based definitions have been proposed. [...] although nanoplastics are the least known type of plastic waste, they are also, potentially, the most hazardous. [...] Nanoplastics may occur in the environment as a result of their direct release or from the fragmentation of larger particles. They may, similarly to microplastics, [...] therefore be classified as either primary or secondary nanoplastics.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rillig-2021-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rillig-2021_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rillig-2021_38-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRilligKimKimWaldman2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rillig, Matthias C.; Kim, Shin Woong; Kim, Tae-Young; Waldman, Walter R. (2 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7931444">"The Global Plastic Toxicity Debt"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 55 (5): 2717–2719. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnST...55.2717R">2021EnST...55.2717R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.0c07781">10.1021/acs.est.0c07781</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7931444">7931444</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33596648">33596648</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTer_HalleJeanneauMartignacJardé2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ter Halle, Alexandra; Jeanneau, Laurent; Martignac, Marion; Jardé, Emilie; Pedrono, Boris; Brach, Laurent; Gigault, Julien (5 December 2017). "Nanoplastic in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre". Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (23): 13689–13697. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EnST...5113689T">2017EnST...5113689T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.7b03667">10.1021/acs.est.7b03667</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29161030">29161030</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGillibertBalakrishnanDeshoulesTardivel2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gillibert, Raymond; Balakrishnan, Gireeshkumar; Deshoules, Quentin; Tardivel, Morgan; Magazzù, Alessandro; Donato, Maria Grazia; Maragò, Onofrio M.; Lamy de La Chapelle, Marc; Colas, Florent; Lagarde, Fabienne; Gucciardi, Pietro G. (6 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00512/62376/85201.pdf">"Raman Tweezers for Small Microplastics and Nanoplastics Identification in Seawater"</a> (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (15): 9003–9013. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnST...53.9003G">2019EnST...53.9003G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b03105">10.1021/acs.est.9b03105</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31259538">31259538</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCapolungoGenoveseMontaltiRampazzo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Capolungo, Chiara; Genovese, Damiano; Montalti, Marco; Rampazzo, Enrico; Zaccheroni, Nelsi; Prodi, Luca (15 December 2021). "Frontispiece: Photoluminescence-Based Techniques for the Detection of Micro- and Nanoplastics". Chemistry – A European Journal. 27 (70): chem.202187062. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.202187062">10.1002/chem.202187062</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSilOsmanbasicMandalAcharya2024" class="citation journal cs1">Sil, Diyali; Osmanbasic, Edin; Mandal, Sasthi Charan; Acharya, Atanu; Dutta, Chayan (23 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11129298">"Variable Non-Gaussian Transport of Nanoplastic on Supported Lipid Bilayers in Saline Conditions"</a>. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 15 (20): 5428–5435. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jpclett.4c00806">10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00806</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11129298">11129298</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38743920">38743920</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAliKatsouliMarczyloGant2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ali, Nurshad; Katsouli, Jenny; Marczylo, Emma L.; Gant, Timothy W.; Wright, Stephanie; Bernardino de la Serna, Jorge (1 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10749881">"The potential impacts of micro-and-nano plastics on various organ systems in humans"</a>. eBioMedicine. 99 104901. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ebiom.2023.104901">10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104901</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10044%2F1%2F108126">10044/1/108126</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10749881">10749881</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38061242">38061242</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHollóczkiGehrke2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hollóczki, Oldamur; Gehrke, Sascha (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6973106">"Can Nanoplastics Alter Cell Membranes?"</a>. ChemPhysChem. 21 (1): 9–12. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcphc.201900481">10.1002/cphc.201900481</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6973106">6973106</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31483076">31483076</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSkjoldingAšmonaitėJølckAndresen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Skjolding, L. M.; Ašmonaitė, G.; Jølck, R. I.; Andresen, T. L.; Selck, H.; Baun, A.; Sturve, J. (2017). "An assessment of the importance of exposure routes to the uptake and internal localisation of fluorescent nanoparticles in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), using light sheet microscopy". Nanotoxicology. 11 (3): 351–359. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17435390.2017.1306128">10.1080/17435390.2017.1306128</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28286999">28286999</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPittKozalJayasundaraMassarsky2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pitt, Jordan A.; Kozal, Jordan S.; Jayasundara, Nishad; Massarsky, Andrey; Trevisan, Rafael; Geitner, Nick; Wiesner, Mark; Levin, Edward D.; Di Giulio, Richard T. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6959514">"Uptake, tissue distribution, and toxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio)"</a>. Aquatic Toxicology. 194: 185–194. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AqTox.194..185P">2018AqTox.194..185P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquatox.2017.11.017">10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.017</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6959514">6959514</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29197232">29197232</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGiannandreaParoliniCitroDe_Felice2024" class="citation journal cs1">Giannandrea, Domenica; Parolini, Marco; Citro, Valentina; De Felice, Beatrice; Pezzotta, Alex; Abazari, Nazanin; Platonova, Natalia; Sugni, Michela; Chiu, Martina; Villa, Alessandro; Lesma, Elena; Chiaramonte, Raffaella; Casati, Lavinia (January 2024). "Nanoplastic impact on bone microenvironment: A snapshot from murine bone cells". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 462 132717. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JHzM..46232717G">2024JHzM..46232717G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2023.132717">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132717</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2434%2F1008709">2434/1008709</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37820528">37820528</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJoppienWestphalChandraStuhr2022" class="citation journal cs1">Joppien, Marlena; Westphal, Hildegard; Chandra, Viswasanthi; Stuhr, Marleen; Doo, Steve S. (30 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9427768">"Nanoplastic incorporation into an organismal skeleton"</a>. Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 14771. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..1214771J">2022NatSR..1214771J</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-18547-4">10.1038/s41598-022-18547-4</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9427768">9427768</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36042226">36042226</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrunvan_HageHuntingHaramis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Brun, Nadja R.; van Hage, Patrick; Hunting, Ellard R.; Haramis, Anna-Pavlina G.; Vink, Suzanne C.; Vijver, Martina G.; Schaaf, Marcel J. M.; Tudorache, Christian (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6802380">"Polystyrene nanoplastics disrupt glucose metabolism and cortisol levels with a possible link to behavioural changes in larval zebrafish"</a>. Communications Biology. 2 (1): 382. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42003-019-0629-6">10.1038/s42003-019-0629-6</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6802380">6802380</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31646185">31646185</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiuHuangJiaoChen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Zhiquan; Huang, Youhui; Jiao, Yang; Chen, Qiang; Wu, Donglei; Yu, Ping; Li, Yiming; Cai, Mingqi; Zhao, Yunlong (2020). "Polystyrene nanoplastic induces ROS production and affects the MAPK-HIF-1/NFkB-mediated antioxidant system in Daphnia pulex". Aquatic Toxicology. 220 105420. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AqTox.22005420L">2020AqTox.22005420L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquatox.2020.105420">10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105420</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31986404">31986404</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiuCaiYuChen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Zhiquan; Cai, Mingqi; Yu, Ping; Chen, Minghai; Wu, Donglei; Zhang, Meng; Zhao, Yunlong (2018). "Age-dependent survival, stress defense, and AMPK in Daphnia pulex after short-term exposure to a polystyrene nanoplastic". Aquatic Toxicology. 204: 1–8. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AqTox.204....1L">2018AqTox.204....1L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquatox.2018.08.017">10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.08.017</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30153596">30153596</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiuYuCaiWu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Zhiquan; Yu, Ping; Cai, Mingqi; Wu, Donglei; Zhang, Meng; Huang, Youhui; Zhao, Yunlong (2019). "Polystyrene nanoplastic exposure induces immobilization, reproduction, and stress defense in the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia pulex". Chemosphere. 215: 74–81. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Chmsp.215...74L">2019Chmsp.215...74L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2018.09.176">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.176</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30312919">30312919</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChanLiuWuWei2023" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Shepherd Yuen; Liu, Sylvia Yang; Wu, Rongben; Wei, Wei; Fang, James Kar-Hei; Chua, Song Lin (2 June 2023). "Simultaneous Dissemination of Nanoplastics and Antibiotic Resistance by Nematode Couriers". Environmental Science & Technology. 57 (23): 8719–8727. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EnST...57.8719C">2023EnST...57.8719C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.2c07129">10.1021/acs.est.2c07129</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37267481">37267481</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIvar_do_SulCosta2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ivar do Sul, Juliana A.; Costa, Monica F. (2014). "The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment". <a href="Environmental_Pollution_(journal)" title="Environmental Pollution (journal)">Environmental Pollution</a>. 185: 352–364. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EPoll.185..352I">2014EPoll.185..352I</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2013.10.036">10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.036</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24275078">24275078</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/microplastics-from-textiles-towards-a">"Microplastics from textiles: towards a circular economy for textiles in Europe — European Environment Agency"</a>. www.eea.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727193710/https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/microplastics-from-textiles-towards-a">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pmid35228011-56"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid35228011_56-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFXieLiFengCheng2022" class="citation journal cs1">Xie Y, Li Y, Feng Y, Cheng W, Wang Y (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2022.107151">"Inhalable microplastics prevails in air: Exploring the size detection limit"</a>. Environ Int. 162 107151. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EnInt.16207151X">2022EnInt.16207151X</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2022.107151">10.1016/j.envint.2022.107151</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35228011">35228011</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pmid31039519-57"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31039519_57-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiuLiZhangWang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Liu C, Li J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Deng J, Gao Y, Yu L, Zhang J, Sun H (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2019.04.024">"Widespread distribution of PET and PC microplastics in dust in urban China and their estimated human exposure"</a>. Environ Int. 128: 116–124. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnInt.128..116L">2019EnInt.128..116L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2019.04.024">10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.024</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31039519">31039519</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Yuk-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yuk_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yuk_58-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFYukJoNamKim2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yuk, Hyeonseong; Jo, Ho Hyeon; Nam, Jihee; Kim, Young Uk; Kim, Sumin (2022). "Microplastic: A particulate matter(PM) generated by deterioration of building materials". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 437 129290. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JHzM..43729290Y">2022JHzM..43729290Y</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2022.129290">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129290</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35753297">35753297</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-a.earth/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/plastic-paint-the-environment.pdf%5B%5D">"Plastic paint and the environment"</a>. www.e-a.earth. July 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowell_et_al.2012">Howell et al. 2012</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCole_et_al.2011">Cole et al. 2011</a>, pp. 2589–2590

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmsley2011">Emsley 2011</a>, pp. 135, 313, 141, 495, 626, 479, 630, 334, 495, 556, 424, 339, 169, 571, 252, 205, 286, 599

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPratada_CostaLopesDuarte2020" class="citation journal cs1">Prata, Joana Correia; da Costa, João P.; Lopes, Isabel; Duarte, Armando C.; Rocha-Santos, Teresa (February 2020). "Environmental exposure to microplastics: An overview on possible human health effects". Science of the Total Environment. 702 134455. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.70234455P">2020ScTEn.70234455P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.134455">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134455</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10773%2F37145">10773/37145</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31733547">31733547</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPraveenaLaohaprapanon2021" class="citation journal cs1">Praveena, Sarva Mangala; Laohaprapanon, Sawanya (December 2021). "Quality assessment for methodological aspects of microplastics analysis in bottled water – A critical review". Food Control. 130 108285. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodcont.2021.108285">10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108285</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Murphy2016-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy2016_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy2016_64-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMurphyEwinsCarbonnierQuinn2016" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Fionn; Ewins, Ciaran; Carbonnier, Frederic; Quinn, Brian (18 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myresearchspace.uws.ac.uk/ws/files/53640347/2016_05_06_Murphy_et_al_Wastewater_accepted.pdf">"Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) as a Source of Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment"</a> (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 50 (11): 5800–5808. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnST...50.5800M">2016EnST...50.5800M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b05416">10.1021/acs.est.5b05416</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27191224">27191224</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPengFuQiLan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Peng, Licheng; Fu, Dongdong; Qi, Huaiyuan; Lan, Christopher Q.; Yu, Huamei; Ge, Chengjun (January 2020). "Micro- and nano-plastics in marine environment: Source, distribution and threats — A review". Science of the Total Environment. 698 134254. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.69834254P">2020ScTEn.69834254P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.134254">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134254</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31514025">31514025</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVan_CauwenbergheJanssen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Van Cauwenberghe, Lisbeth; Janssen, Colin R. (October 2014). "Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption". Environmental Pollution. 193: 65–70. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EPoll.193...65V">2014EPoll.193...65V</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2014.06.010">10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.010</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25005888">25005888</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPrasadSchwerdtfegerEl-AwaBettcher2015" class="citation journal cs1">Prasad, Vinayak; Schwerdtfeger, Ulrike; El-Awa, Fatimah; Bettcher, Douglas; da Costa e Silva, Vera (June 2015). "Closing the door on illicit tobacco trade, opens the way to better tobacco control". Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 21 (6): 379–380. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26719%2F2015.21.6.379">10.26719/2015.21.6.379</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26369995">26369995</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRilligLehmann2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rillig, Matthias C.; Lehmann, Anika (26 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115994">"Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems"</a>. Science. 368 (6498): 1430–1431. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Sci...368.1430R">2020Sci...368.1430R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abb5979">10.1126/science.abb5979</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115994">7115994</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32587009">32587009</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchwabRothen-RutishauserPetri-Fink2020" class="citation journal cs1">Schwab, Fabienne; Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara; Petri-Fink, Alke (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/329417/files/fin_wpp.pdf">"When plants and plastic interact"</a> (PDF). Nature Nanotechnology. 15 (9): 729–730. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatNa..15..729S">2020NatNa..15..729S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41565-020-0762-x">10.1038/s41565-020-0762-x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32901157">32901157</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCorradiniMezaEguiluzCasado2019" class="citation journal cs1">Corradini, Fabio; Meza, Pablo; Eguiluz, Raúl; Casado, Francisco; Huerta-Lwanga, Esperanza; Geissen, Violette (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.03.368">"Evidence of microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils from sewage sludge disposal"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 671: 411–420. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ScTEn.671..411C">2019ScTEn.671..411C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.03.368">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.368</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30933797">30933797</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.leitat.org/mermaids/">"Life-Mermaids Project"</a>. Leitat. Terrassa, Spain. 8 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190645/http://projects.leitat.org/mermaids/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Grossman-2015b-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman-2015b_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman-2015b_72-1">b</a> Grossman, Elizabeth: "How Microplastics from Your Fleece Could End up on Your Plate", "Civil Eats", 15 January 2015

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeriyasamyTehrani-Bagha2022" class="citation journal cs1">Periyasamy, Aravin Prince; Tehrani-Bagha, Ali (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2022.109901">"A review of microplastic emission from textile materials and its reduction techniques"</a>. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 199 109901. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2022.109901">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109901</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKatsnelson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Katsnelson, Alla (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426466">"News Feature: Microplastics present pollution puzzle"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (18): 5547–5549. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.5547K">2015PNAS..112.5547K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1504135112">10.1073/pnas.1504135112</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426466">4426466</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25944930">25944930</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Browne-2011-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browne-2011_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browne-2011_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browne-2011_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browne-2011_75-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrowneCrumpNivenTeuten2011" class="citation journal cs1">Browne, Mark Anthony; Crump, Phillip; Niven, Stewart J.; Teuten, Emma; Tonkin, Andrew; Galloway, Tamara; Thompson, Richard (2011). "Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Worldwide: Sources and Sinks". Environmental Science & Technology. 45 (21): 9175–9179. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EnST...45.9175B">2011EnST...45.9175B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes201811s">10.1021/es201811s</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21894925">21894925</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNapperThompson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Napper, Imogen E.; Thompson, Richard C. (2016). "Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 112 (1–2): 39–45. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MarPB.112...39N">2016MarPB.112...39N</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2016.09.025">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F8163">10026.1/8163</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27686821">27686821</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patagonia.com/blog/2017/02/an-update-on-microfiber-pollution/">"An Update on Microfiber Pollution"</a>. Patagonia. 3 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170526143218/http://www.patagonia.com/blog/2017/02/an-update-on-microfiber-pollution">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dris-2017-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dris-2017_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dris-2017_78-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFDrisGasperiMirandeMandin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dris, Rachid; Gasperi, Johnny; Mirande, Cécile; Mandin, Corinne; Guerrouache, Mohamed; Langlois, Valérie; Tassin, Bruno (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enpc.hal.science/hal-01418927/file/dris2017.pdf">"A first overview of textile fibers, including microplastics, in indoor and outdoor environments"</a> (PDF). Environmental Pollution. 221: 453–458. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPoll.221..453D">2017EPoll.221..453D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2016.12.013">10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.013</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27989388">27989388</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHussainRomanovaOkurZhang2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hussain, Kazi Albab; Romanova, Svetlana; Okur, Ilhami; Zhang, Dong; Kuebler, Jesse; Huang, Xi; Wang, Bing; Fernandez-Ballester, Lucia; Lu, Yongfeng; Schubert, Mathias; Li, Yusong (4 July 2023). "Assessing the Release of Microplastics and Nanoplastics from Plastic Containers and Reusable Food Pouches: Implications for Human Health". Environmental Science & Technology. 57 (26): 9782–9792. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EnST...57.9782H">2023EnST...57.9782H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.3c01942">10.1021/acs.est.3c01942</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37343248">37343248</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mason-2018-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason-2018_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason-2018_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason-2018_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason-2018_80-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFMasonWelchNeratko2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Sherri A.; Welch, Victoria G.; Neratko, Joseph (11 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6141690">"Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water"</a>. Frontiers in Chemistry. 6: 407. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FrCh....6..407M">2018FrCh....6..407M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffchem.2018.00407">10.3389/fchem.2018.00407</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6141690">6141690</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30255015">30255015</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Doubek-2024-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doubek-2024_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doubek-2024_81-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFJames_Doubek2024" class="citation news cs1">James Doubek (10 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/01/10/1223730333/bottled-water-plastic-microplastic-nanoplastic-study">"Researchers find a massive number of plastic particles in bottled water"</a>. <a href="NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217203211/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/10/1223730333/bottled-water-plastic-microplastic-nanoplastic-study">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNaixin_QianXin_GaoXiaoqi_LangHuiping_Deng2024" class="citation journal cs1">Naixin Qian; Xin Gao; Xiaoqi Lang; Huiping Deng; Teodora Maria Bratu; Qixuan Chen; Phoebe Stapleton; Beizhan Yan; Wei Min (16 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10801917">"Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (3): e2300582121. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PNAS..12100582Q">2024PNAS..12100582Q</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2300582121">10.1073/pnas.2300582121</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10801917">10801917</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38190543">38190543</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarrington2020" class="citation news cs1">Carrington, Damian (19 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/19/bottle-fed-babies-swallow-millions-microplastics-day-study">"Bottle-fed babies swallow millions of microplastics a day, study finds"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035524/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/19/bottle-fed-babies-swallow-millions-microplastics-day-study">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-10-high-microplastics-infant-bottles-formula.html">"High levels of microplastics released from infant feeding bottles during formula prep"</a>. phys.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031235701/https://phys.org/news/2020-10-high-microplastics-infant-bottles-formula.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiShiYangXiao2020" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Dunzhu; Shi, Yunhong; Yang, Luming; Xiao, Liwen; Kehoe, Daniel K.; Gun'ko, Yurii K.; Boland, John J.; Wang, Jing Jing (2020). "Microplastic release from the degradation of polypropylene feeding bottles during infant formula preparation". Nature Food. 1 (11): 746–754. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-020-00171-y">10.1038/s43016-020-00171-y</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F94127">2262/94127</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37128027">37128027</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAmherst" class="citation web cs1">Amherst, University of Massachusetts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2021-11-steam-disinfection-baby-bottle-nipples.html">"Steam disinfection of baby bottle nipples exposes babies and the environment to micro- and nanoplastic particles"</a>. phys.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129231356/https://phys.org/news/2021-11-steam-disinfection-baby-bottle-nipples.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSuHuTangLu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Su, Yu; Hu, Xi; Tang, Hongjie; Lu, Kun; Li, Huimin; Liu, Sijin; Xing, Baoshan; Ji, Rong (11 November 2021). "Steam disinfection releases micro(nano)plastics from silicone-rubber baby teats as examined by optical photothermal infrared microspectroscopy". Nature Nanotechnology. 17 (1): 76–85. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41565-021-00998-x">10.1038/s41565-021-00998-x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34764453">34764453</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSonNamKim2024" class="citation journal cs1">Son, Ji-Won; Nam, Yejin; Kim, Changwoo (15 February 2024). "Nanoplastics from disposable paper cups and microwavable food containers". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 464 133014. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JHzM..46433014S">2024JHzM..46433014S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2023.133014">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133014</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37984146">37984146</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-UPI-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_89-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2022/05/06/to-go-coffee-cups-trillions-plastic-nanoparticles/4821651596271/">"Take-out coffee cups may be shedding trillions of plastic nanoparticles, study says"</a>. UPI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509160238/https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2022/05/06/to-go-coffee-cups-trillions-plastic-nanoparticles/4821651596271/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZhouWuTangChen2023" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Guanyu; Wu, Qidong; Tang, Peng; Chen, Chen; Cheng, Xin; Wei, Xin-Feng; Ma, Jun; Liu, Baicang (2023). "How many microplastics do we ingest when using disposable drink cups?". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 441 129982. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHzM..44129982Z">2023JHzM..44129982Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2022.129982">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129982</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZangmeisterRadneyBenksteinKalanyan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zangmeister, Christopher D.; Radney, James G.; Benkstein, Kurt D.; Kalanyan, Berc (3 May 2022). "Common Single-Use Consumer Plastic Products Release Trillions of Sub-100 nm Nanoparticles per Liter into Water during Normal Use". Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (9): 5448–5455. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EnST...56.5448Z">2022EnST...56.5448Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.1c06768">10.1021/acs.est.1c06768</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35441513">35441513</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiBusquetsCampos2020" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Chaoran; Busquets, Rosa; Campos, Luiza C. (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/44516/1/Li-C-44516-AAM.pdf">"Assessment of microplastics in freshwater systems: A review"</a> (PDF). Science of the Total Environment. 707 135578. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.70735578L">2020ScTEn.70735578L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.135578">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135578</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31784176">31784176</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRochmanMunnoBoxCummins2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rochman, Chelsea M.; Munno, Keenan; Box, Carolynn; Cummins, Anna; Zhu, Xia; Sutton, Rebecca (5 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.0c05746">"Think Global, Act Local: Local Knowledge Is Critical to Inform Positive Change When It Comes to Microplastics"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 55 (1): 4–6. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnST...55....4R">2021EnST...55....4R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.0c05746">10.1021/acs.est.0c05746</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33296180">33296180</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOkekeOkoyeAtakpaIta2022" class="citation journal cs1">Okeke, Emmanuel Sunday; Okoye, Charles Obinwanne; Atakpa, Edidiong Okokon; Ita, Richard Ekeng; Nyaruaba, Raphael; Mgbechidinma, Chiamaka Linda; Akan, Otobong Donald (1 February 2022). "Microplastics in agroecosystems-impacts on ecosystem functions and food chain". Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 177 105961. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022RCR...17705961O">2022RCR...17705961O</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2021.105961">10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105961</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Turner-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_95-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFTurner2021" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Andrew (1 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8350503">"Paint particles in the marine environment: An overlooked component of microplastics"</a>. Water Research X. 12 100110. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021WRX....1200110T">2021WRX....1200110T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wroa.2021.100110">10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100110</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8350503">8350503</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34401707">34401707</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-construction-96"><a href="#cite_ref-construction_96-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPrasittisopinFerdousKamchoom2023" class="citation journal cs1">Prasittisopin, Lapyote; Ferdous, Wahid; Kamchoom, Viroon (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dibe.2023.100188">"Microplastics in construction and built environment"</a>. Developments in the Built Environment. 15 100188. Elsevier BV. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dibe.2023.100188">10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100188</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-powertool-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-powertool_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-powertool_97-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGalloway2024" class="citation web cs1">Galloway, Nanette LoBiondo (13 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://downbeach.com/news/2024/sep/13/ventnor-introduces-ordinance-to-control-microplastics-contamination/">"Ventnor introduces ordinance to control microplastics contamination"</a>. DownBeach. Retrieved 2 October 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSantosEsmizadehRiahinezhad2024" class="citation journal cs1">Santos, Guadalupe; Esmizadeh, Elnaz; Riahinezhad, Marzieh (1 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10924-023-02982-z">"Recycling Construction, Renovation, and Demolition Plastic Waste: Review of the Status Quo, Challenges and Opportunities"</a>. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 32 (2): 479–509. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10924-023-02982-z">10.1007/s10924-023-02982-z</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWojnowska-BaryłaBernatZaborowska2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wojnowska-Baryła, Irena; Bernat, Katarzyna; Zaborowska, Magdalena (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9602440">"Plastic Waste Degradation in Landfill Conditions: The Problem with Microplastics, and Their Direct and Indirect Environmental Effects"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (20): 13223. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph192013223">10.3390/ijerph192013223</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9602440">9602440</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36293805">36293805</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSinghMalyanMaithaniKashyap2023" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Sandeep; Malyan, Sandeep K.; Maithani, Chinmay; Kashyap, Sujata; Tyagi, Vinay Kumar; Singh, Rajesh; Malhotra, Sarthak; Sharma, Manish; Kumar, Amit; Panday, Bijay K.; Pandey, R.P. (September 2023). "Microplastics in landfill leachate: Occurrence, health concerns, and removal strategies". Journal of Environmental Management. 342 118220. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JEnvM.34218220S">2023JEnvM.34218220S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2023.118220">10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118220</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37290308">37290308</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTahirSbahiehAl-Ghamdi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tahir, Furqan; Sbahieh, Sami; Al-Ghamdi, Sami G. (2022). "Environmental impacts of using recycled plastics in concrete". Materials Today: Proceedings. 62: 4013–4017. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matpr.2022.04.593">10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.593</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-lapyote2023-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lapyote2023_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapyote2023_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapyote2023_102-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFPrasittisopinFerdousKamchoom2023" class="citation journal cs1">Prasittisopin, Lapyote; Ferdous, Wahid; Kamchoom, Viroon (October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dibe.2023.100188">"Microplastics in construction and built environment"</a>. Developments in the Built Environment. 15 100188. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dibe.2023.100188">10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100188</a>.</cite><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/" class="external"></a> This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw external" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> license.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAhmed2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, Nadia (June 2023). "Utilizing plastic waste in the building and construction industry: A pathway towards the circular economy". Construction and Building Materials. 383 131311. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2023.131311">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131311</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rics2023-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rics2023_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rics2023_104-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSmethurst2023" class="citation web cs1">Smethurst, Tom (18 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww3.rics.org/uk/en/journals/built-environment-journal/plastics-construction-materials-health.html">"Why we must limit use of construction plastics"</a>. RICS. Retrieved 5 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sage2022-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sage2022_105-32">ag</a> <cite id="CITEREFHernandezLowNandBu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hernandez, German; Low, Joanne; Nand, Ashveen; Bu, Alex; Wallis, Shannon L; Kestle, Linda; Berry, Terri-Ann (13 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9925883">"Quantifying and managing plastic waste generated from building construction in Auckland, New Zealand"</a>. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy. 41 (1). SAGE Publications: 205–213. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734242x221105425">10.1177/0734242x221105425</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10652%2F5874">10652/5874</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9925883">9925883</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35698793">35698793</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BeattheMicrobead-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BeattheMicrobead_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeattheMicrobead_106-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315021442/http://beatthemicrobead.org/en/">"International Campaign against Microbeads in Cosmetics"</a>. Beat the Microbead. Amsterdam: Plastic Soup Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatthemicrobead.org/en/">the original</a> on 15 March 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Fendall-2009-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Fendall-2009_107-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFendallSewell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fendall, Lisa S.; Sewell, Mary A. (2009). "Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 58 (8): 1225–1228. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MarPB..58.1225F">2009MarPB..58.1225F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2009.04.025">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19481226">19481226</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pmid27836135-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27836135_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27836135_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27836135_108-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFAndersonGrosePahlThompson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, A.G.; Grose, J.; Pahl, S.; Thompson, R.C.; Wyles, K.J. (2016). "Microplastics in personal care products: Exploring perceptions of environmentalists, beauticians and students". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 113 (1–2): 454–460. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MarPB.113..454A">2016MarPB.113..454A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2016.10.048">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.048</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F8172">10026.1/8172</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27836135">27836135</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRochmanKrossArmstrongBogan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rochman, Chelsea M.; Kross, Sara M.; Armstrong, Jonathan B.; Bogan, Michael T.; Darling, Emily S.; Green, Stephanie J.; Smyth, Ashley R.; Veríssimo, Diogo (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b03909">"Scientific Evidence Supports a Ban on Microbeads"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (18): 10759–10761. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...4910759R">2015EnST...4910759R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b03909">10.1021/acs.est.5b03909</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26334581">26334581</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beatthemicrobead.org/guide-to-microplastics/">"Guide to Microplastics – Check Your Products"</a>. Beat the Microbead. Amsterdam: Plastic Soup Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804164812/https://www.beatthemicrobead.org/guide-to-microplastics/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTikhomirov1991" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tikhomirov, Iu P. (1991). "Vliianie vybrosov proizvodstv akrilatov na okruzhaiushchuiu sredu i profilaktika ikh neblagopriiatnogo vozdeĭstviia" [Effect of acrylate industry wastes on the environment and the prevention of their harmful action]. Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR (in Russian) (2): 21–25. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/120600446">120600446</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1828644">1828644</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180530113105.htm">"After 40 years in limbo: Styrene is probably carcinogenic"</a>. ScienceDaily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115230044/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180530113105.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/121791639/microbeads-are-banned-but-plasticfilled-products-are-everywhere">"Microbeads are banned, but plastic-filled products are everywhere"</a>. Stuff. 11 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414023220/https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/121791639/microbeads-are-banned-but-plasticfilled-products-are-everywhere">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Colgate-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Colgate_114-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/brushing-and-flossing/what-are-microbeads-in-toothpaste">"What Are Microbeads In Toothpaste?"</a>. <a href="Colgate-Palmolive" title="Colgate-Palmolive">Colgate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927080638/https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/brushing-and-flossing/what-are-microbeads-in-toothpaste">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Weaver-2018-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Weaver-2018_115-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWeaver2018" class="citation news cs1">Weaver, Caity (21 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/style/glitter-factory.html">"What Is Glitter? A strange journey to the glitter factory"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211060608/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/style/glitter-factory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bartle-2022-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartle-2022_116-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBartle2022" class="citation web cs1">Bartle, Trisha (17 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collective.world/tiktok-is-going-deep-on-the-glitter-conspiracy-theories-is-it-toothpaste-boats-or-something-else/">"TikTok Is Going Deep On The Glitter Conspiracy Theories–Is It Toothpaste, Boats, Or Something Else?"</a>. Collective World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208053622/https://collective.world/tiktok-is-going-deep-on-the-glitter-conspiracy-theories-is-it-toothpaste-boats-or-something-else/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-IFLScience-117"><a href="#cite_ref-IFLScience_117-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDr._Beccy_Corkill2022" class="citation news cs1">Dr. Beccy Corkill (21 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iflscience.com/the-glitter-conspiracy-theory-who-is-taking-all-of-the-glitter-66761">"The Glitter Conspiracy Theory: Who Is Taking All Of The Glitter?"</a>. <a href="IFLScience" class="mw-redirect" title="IFLScience">IFLScience</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110181249/https://www.iflscience.com/the-glitter-conspiracy-theory-who-is-taking-all-of-the-glitter-66761">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRochmanTahirWilliamsBaxa2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rochman, Chelsea M.; Tahir, Akbar; Williams, Susan L.; Baxa, Dolores V.; Lam, Rosalyn; Miller, Jeffrey T.; Teh, Foo-Ching; Werorilangi, Shinta; Teh, Swee J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585829">"Anthropogenic debris in seafood: Plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption"</a>. Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 14340. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...514340R">2015NatSR...514340R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep14340">10.1038/srep14340</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585829">4585829</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26399762">26399762</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlberghiniTruantSantonicolaColavita2022" class="citation journal cs1">Alberghini, Leonardo; Truant, Alessandro; Santonicola, Serena; Colavita, Giampaolo; Giaccone, Valerio (31 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9819327">"Microplastics in Fish and Fishery Products and Risks for Human Health: A Review"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20 (1): 789. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph20010789">10.3390/ijerph20010789</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601">1660-4601</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9819327">9819327</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36613111">36613111</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTanakaTakadaYamashitaMizukawa2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tanaka, Kosuke; Takada, Hideshige; Yamashita, Rei; Mizukawa, Kaoruko; Fukuwaka, Masa-aki; Watanuki, Yutaka (2013). "Accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals in tissues of seabirds ingesting marine plastics". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 69 (1–2): 219–222. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MarPB..69..219T">2013MarPB..69..219T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2012.12.010">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.010</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23298431">23298431</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPruter1987" class="citation journal cs1">Pruter, A.T. (June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commons.wmu.se/lib_articles/153">"Sources, quantities and distribution of persistent plastics in the marine environment"</a>. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 18 (6): 305–310. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987MarPB..18..305P">1987MarPB..18..305P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2887%2980016-4">10.1016/S0025-326X(87)80016-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110163633/https://commons.wmu.se/lib_articles/153/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901235830/https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/8016/1125/2189/AF_Plastics_the_facts-WEB-2020-ING_FINAL.pdf">"Plastics – the Facts 2020"</a> (PDF). PlasticsEurope.org. 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/8016/1125/2189/AF_Plastics_the_facts-WEB-2020-ING_FINAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Saliu_100042-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saliu_100042_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saliu_100042_123-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSaliuVeronelliRagusoBarana2021" class="citation journal cs1">Saliu, Francesco; Veronelli, Maurizio; Raguso, Clarissa; Barana, Davide; Galli, Paolo; Lasagni, Marina (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envadv.2021.100042">"The release process of microfibers: from surgical face masks into the marine environment"</a>. Environmental Advances. 4 100042. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnvAd...400042S">2021EnvAd...400042S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envadv.2021.100042">10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100042</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10281%2F314511">10281/314511</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Fadare-2020-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fadare-2020_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadare-2020_124-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFFadareOkoffo2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fadare, Oluniyi O.; Okoffo, Elvis D. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7297173">"Covid-19 face masks: A potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 737 140279. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.73730279F">2020ScTEn.73730279F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.140279">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140279</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7297173">7297173</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32563114">32563114</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Carr-2016-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carr-2016_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carr-2016_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carr-2016_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carr-2016_125-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarrLiuTesoro2016" class="citation journal cs1">Carr, Steve A.; Liu, Jin; Tesoro, Arnold G. (2016). "Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants". <a href="Water_Research" title="Water Research">Water Research</a>. 91: 174–182. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016WatRe..91..174C">2016WatRe..91..174C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2016.01.002">10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.002</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26795302">26795302</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EPA,_Ireland-1997-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA,_Ireland-1997_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA,_Ireland-1997_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA,_Ireland-1997_126-2">c</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/water/wastewater/EPA_water__treatment_manual_primary_secondary_tertiary1.pdf">Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Treatment</a> (PDF) (Report). Wastewater Treatment Manuals. Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland. 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095826/https://www.epa.ie/publications/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHabibLockeCannone1998" class="citation journal cs1">Habib, Daniel; Locke, David C.; Cannone, Leonard J. (1998). "Synthetic Fibers as Indicators of Municipal Sewage Sludge, Sludge Products, and Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 103 (1/4): 1–8. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998WASP..103....1H">1998WASP..103....1H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1004908110793">10.1023/A:1004908110793</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEstahbanatiFahrenfeld2016" class="citation journal cs1">Estahbanati, Shirin; Fahrenfeld, N.L. (November 2016). "Influence of wastewater treatment plant discharges on microplastic concentrations in surface water". Chemosphere. 162: 277–284. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Chmsp.162..277E">2016Chmsp.162..277E</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2016.07.083">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.083</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27508863">27508863</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMintenigInt-VeenLöderPrimpke2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mintenig, S.M.; Int-Veen, I.; Löder, M.G.J.; Primpke, S.; Gerdts, G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2016.11.015">"Identification of microplastic in effluents of waste water treatment plants using focal plane array-based micro-Fourier-transform infrared imaging"</a>. <a href="Water_Research" title="Water Research">Water Research</a>. 108: 365–72. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WatRe.108..365M">2017WatRe.108..365M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2016.11.015">10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.015</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27838027">27838027</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPolŻmijewskaStasińskaZieliński2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pol, Wojciech; Żmijewska, Angelika; Stasińska, Emilia; Zieliński, Piotr (11 April 2022). "Spatial–Temporal Distribution of Microplastics in Lowland Rivers Flowing Through Two Cities (NE Poland)". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 233 (4): 140. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022WASP..233..140P">2022WASP..233..140P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11270-022-05608-7">10.1007/s11270-022-05608-7</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBallaMohsenGönczyKiss2022" class="citation journal cs1">Balla, Alexia; Mohsen, Ahmed; Gönczy, Sándor; Kiss, Tímea (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp122110852">"Spatial Variations in Microfiber Transport in a Transnational River Basin"</a>. Applied Sciences. 12 (21): 10852. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp122110852">10.3390/app122110852</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWeithmannMöllerLöderPiehl2018" class="citation journal cs1">Weithmann, Nicolas; Möller, Julia N.; Löder, Martin G. J.; Piehl, Sarah; Laforsch, Christian; Freitag, Ruth (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884690">"Organic fertilizer as a vehicle for the entry of microplastic into the environment"</a>. <a href="Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a>. 4 (4): eaap8060. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SciA....4.8060W">2018SciA....4.8060W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aap8060">10.1126/sciadv.aap8060</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884690">5884690</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29632891">29632891</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2015/10/978-87-93352-80-3.pdf">Microplastics: Occurrence, effects and sources of releases to the environment in Denmark</a> (PDF) (Report). Copenhagen: Ministry of Environment and Food in Denmark, Danish Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. p. 14. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-87-93352-80-3</bdi>. Environmental project No. 1793. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613030419/http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2015/10/978-87-93352-80-3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurghardtPashkevichBabićMosböck2022" class="citation journal cs1">Burghardt, Tomasz E.; Pashkevich, Anton; Babić, Darko; Mosböck, Harald; Babić, Dario; Żakowska, Lidia (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trd.2021.103123">"Microplastics and road markings: the role of glass beads and loss estimation"</a>. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 102 103123. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022TRPD..10203123B">2022TRPD..10203123B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trd.2021.103123">10.1016/j.trd.2021.103123</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWangLiZouWang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Teng; Li, Baojie; Zou, Xinqing; Wang, Ying; Li, Yali; Xu, Yongjiang; Mao, Longjiang; Zhang, Chuchu; Yu, Wenwen (October 2019). "Emission of primary microplastics in mainland China: Invisible but not negligible". Water Research. 162: 214–224. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019WatRe.162..214W">2019WatRe.162..214W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2019.06.042">10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.042</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31276985">31276985</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Verschoor, A., van Herwijnen, R., Posthuma, C., Klesse, K., Werner, S., 2017. Assessment document of land-based inputs of microplastics in the marine environment. Publication 705/2017. OSPAR Commission: London, United Kingdom.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKoleLöhrVan_BelleghemRagas2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kole, Pieter Jan; Löhr, Ansje J.; Van Belleghem, Frank; Ragas, Ad; Kole, Pieter Jan; Löhr, Ansje J.; Van Belleghem, Frank G. A. J.; Ragas, Ad M. J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664766">"Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (10): 1265. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph14101265">10.3390/ijerph14101265</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664766">5664766</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29053641">29053641</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDerraik2002" class="citation journal cs1">Derraik, José G.B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2802%2900220-5">"The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review"</a>. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 44 (99): 842–852. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MarPB..44..842D">2002MarPB..44..842D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2802%2900220-5">10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12405208">12405208</a>. <q>In the USA, for instance, the Marine Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 not only adopted Annex V, but also extended its application to US Navy vessels</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCraig_S._AligLarry_KossTom_ScaranoFred_Chitty1990" class="citation web cs1">Craig S. Alig; Larry Koss; Tom Scarano; Fred Chitty (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/TM/SWFSC/NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-154_P879.PDF">"Control of Plastic Wastes Aboard Naval Ships at Sea"</a> (PDF). <a href="National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. ProceedingsoftheSecondInternational Conference on Marine Debris, 2–7 April 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125203752/http://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/TM/SWFSC/NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-154_P879.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2018. <q>The U.S. Navy is taking a proactive approach to comply with the prohibition on the at-sea discharge of plastics mandated by the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Derraik-2002-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Derraik-2002_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derraik-2002_140-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFDerraik2002" class="citation journal cs1">Derraik, José G.B (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2802%2900220-5">"The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review"</a>. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 44 (9): 842–852. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MarPB..44..842D">2002MarPB..44..842D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2802%2900220-5">10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12405208">12405208</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pmid19528054-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19528054_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19528054_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19528054_141-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFTeutenSaquingKnappeBarlaz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Teuten, E. L.; Saquing, J. M.; Knappe, D. R. U.; Barlaz, M. A.; Jonsson, S.; Bjorn, A.; Rowland, S. J.; Thompson, R. C.; Galloway, T. S.; Yamashita, R.; Ochi, D.; Watanuki, Y.; Moore, C.; Viet, P. H.; Tana, T. S.; Prudente, M.; Boonyatumanond, R.; Zakaria, M. P.; Akkhavong, K.; Ogata, Y.; Hirai, H.; Iwasa, S.; Mizukawa, K.; Hagino, Y.; Imamura, A.; Saha, M.; Takada, H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873017">"Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1526): 2027–2045. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0284">10.1098/rstb.2008.0284</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873017">2873017</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528054">19528054</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Thompson-2009-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-2009_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-2009_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-2009_142-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-2009_142-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-2009_142-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFThompsonMooreVom_SaalSwan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, R. C.; Moore, C. J.; Vom Saal, F. S.; Swan, S. H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873021">"Plastics, the environment and human health: Current consensus and future trends"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1526): 2153–2166. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0053">10.1098/rstb.2009.0053</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873021">2873021</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528062">19528062</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAllenAllenPhoenixLe_Roux2019" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Steve; Allen, Deonie; Phoenix, Vernon R.; Le Roux, Gaël; Durántez Jiménez, Pilar; Simonneau, Anaëlle; Binet, Stéphane; Galop, Didier (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/67580/1/Allen_etal_NG_2019_Atmospheric_transport_and_deposition_of_microplastics_in_a_remote.pdf">"Atmospheric transport and deposition of microplastics in a remote mountain catchment"</a> (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 12 (5): 339–344. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatGe..12..339A">2019NatGe..12..339A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-019-0335-5">10.1038/s41561-019-0335-5</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGasperiWrightDrisCollard2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gasperi, Johnny; Wright, Stephanie L.; Dris, Rachid; Collard, France; Mandin, Corinne; Guerrouache, Mohamed; Langlois, Valérie; Kelly, Frank J.; Tassin, Bruno (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enpc.hal.science/hal-01665768/file/Gasperi_Chapter_CurrentOpinion_VF.pdf">"Microplastics in air: Are we breathing it in?"</a> (PDF). Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health. 1: 1–5. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018COESH...1....1G">2018COESH...1....1G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.coesh.2017.10.002">10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.002</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDehghaniMooreAkhbarizadeh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dehghani, Sharareh; Moore, Farid; Akhbarizadeh, Razegheh (2017). "Microplastic pollution in deposited urban dust, Tehran metropolis, Iran". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 24 (25): 20360–20371. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ESPR...2420360D">2017ESPR...2420360D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-017-9674-1">10.1007/s11356-017-9674-1</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28707239">28707239</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBergmannMützelPrimpkeTekman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bergmann, Melanie; Mützel, Sophia; Primpke, Sebastian; Tekman, Mine B.; Trachsel, Jürg; Gerdts, Gunnar (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693909">"White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic"</a>. Science Advances. 5 (8): eaax1157. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5.1157B">2019SciA....5.1157B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax1157">10.1126/sciadv.aax1157</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693909">6693909</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31453336">31453336</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mountains-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mountains_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mountains_147-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/21/no-mountain-high-enough-study-finds-plastic-in-clean-air">"No mountain high enough: study finds plastic in 'clean' air"</a>. The Guardian. AFP. 21 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114062926/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/21/no-mountain-high-enough-study-finds-plastic-in-clean-air">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAllenAllenBaladimaPhoenix2021" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, S.; Allen, D.; Baladima, F.; Phoenix, V. R.; Thomas, J. L.; Le Roux, G.; Sonke, J. E. (21 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8692471">"Evidence of free tropospheric and long-range transport of microplastic at Pic du Midi Observatory"</a>. Nature Communications. 12 (1): 7242. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.7242A">2021NatCo..12.7242A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27454-7">10.1038/s41467-021-27454-7</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8692471">8692471</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34934062">34934062</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SAPEA_Scientific_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies_2019-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAPEA_Scientific_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies_2019_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAPEA_Scientific_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies_2019_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAPEA_Scientific_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies_2019_149-2">c</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapea.info/topics/microplastics/">A scientific perspective on microplastics in nature and society</a>. Scientific Advice for Policy by European Academies. 2019. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-9820301-0-4</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328153346/https://www.sapea.info/topics/microplastics/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWigginHolland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wiggin, K. J.; Holland, E. B. (June 2019). "Validation and application of cost and time effective methods for the detection of 3–500 μm sized microplastics in the urban marine and estuarine environments surrounding Long Beach, California". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 143: 152–162. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MarPB.143..152W">2019MarPB.143..152W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2019.03.060">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.060</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-326X">0025-326X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31789151">31789151</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150122831">150122831</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFendallSewell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fendall, Lisa S.; Sewell, Mary A. (2009). "Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 58 (8): 1225–1228. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MarPB..58.1225F">2009MarPB..58.1225F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2009.04.025">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19481226">19481226</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDe-la-TorreDioses-SalinasCastroAntay2020" class="citation journal cs1">De-la-Torre, Gabriel E.; Dioses-Salinas, Diana C.; Castro, Jasmin M.; Antay, Rosabel; Fernández, Naomy Y.; Espinoza-Morriberón, D.; Saldaña-Serrano, Miguel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aacademica.org/gabriel.e.delatorre/3">"Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru"</a>. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 151: 110877. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MarPB.15110877D">2020MarPB.15110877D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2019.110877">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32056653">32056653</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211112493">211112493</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKarlssonKärrmanRotanderHassellöv2020" class="citation journal cs1">Karlsson, Therese M.; Kärrman, Anna; Rotander, Anna; Hassellöv, Martin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028838">"Comparison between manta trawl and in situ pump filtration methods, and guidance for visual identification of microplastics in surface waters"</a>. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 27 (5): 5559–5571. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ESPR...27.5559K">2020ESPR...27.5559K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-019-07274-5">10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028838">7028838</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31853844">31853844</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFObbardSadriWongKhitun2014" class="citation journal cs1">Obbard, Rachel W.; Sadri, Saeed; Wong, Ying Qi; Khitun, Alexandra A.; Baker, Ian; Thompson, Richard C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014EF000240">"Global warming releases microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice"</a>. Earth's Future. 2 (6): 315–320. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EaFut...2..315O">2014EaFut...2..315O</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014EF000240">10.1002/2014EF000240</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pmid32319937-155"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid32319937_155-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKellyLannuzelRodemannMeiners2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, A.; Lannuzel, D.; Rodemann, T.; Meiners, K.M.; Auman, H.J. (2020). "Microplastic contamination in east Antarctic sea ice". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 154 111130. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MarPB.15411130K">2020MarPB.15411130K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2020.111130">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111130</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32319937">32319937</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pmid31662247-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31662247_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31662247_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31662247_156-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFHelcoskiYonkosSanchezBaldwin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Helcoski, Ryan; Yonkos, Lance T.; Sanchez, Alterra; Baldwin, Andrew H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2019.113391">"Wetland soil microplastics are negatively related to vegetation cover and stem density"</a>. Environmental Pollution. 256 113391. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EPoll.25613391H">2020EPoll.25613391H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2019.113391">10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113391</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31662247">31662247</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAndersonParkPalace2016" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Julie C.; Park, Bradley J.; Palace, Vince P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2016.06.074">"Microplastics in aquatic environments: Implications for Canadian ecosystems"</a>. Environmental Pollution. 218: 269–280. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPoll.218..269A">2016EPoll.218..269A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2016.06.074">10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.074</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27431693">27431693</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIvlevaWiesheuNiessner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ivleva, Natalia P.; Wiesheu, Alexandra C.; Niessner, Reinhard (2017). "Microplastic in Aquatic Ecosystems". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (7): 1720–1739. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACIE...56.1720I">2017ACIE...56.1720I</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201606957">10.1002/anie.201606957</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27618688">27618688</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPolStasińskaŻmijewskaWięcko2023" class="citation journal cs1">Pol, Wojciech; Stasińska, Emilia; Żmijewska, Angelika; Więcko, Adam; Zieliński, Piotr (10 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2023.163426">"Litter per liter – Lakes' morphology and shoreline urbanization index as factors of microplastic pollution: Study of 30 lakes in NE Poland"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 881 163426. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ScTEn.88163426P">2023ScTEn.88163426P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2023.163426">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163426</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37059153">37059153</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAndersonWarrackLangenChallis2017" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Philip J.; Warrack, Sarah; Langen, Victoria; Challis, Jonathan K.; Hanson, Mark L.; Rennie, Michael D. (June 2017). "Microplastic contamination in Lake Winnipeg, Canada". Environmental Pollution. 225: 223–231. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPoll.225..223A">2017EPoll.225..223A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2017.02.072">10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.072</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28376390">28376390</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRedondo-HasselerharmFalahudinPeetersKoelmans2018" class="citation journal cs1">Redondo-Hasselerharm, Paula E.; Falahudin, Dede; Peeters, Edwin T. H. M.; Koelmans, Albert A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5822217">"Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 52 (4): 2278–2286. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EnST...52.2278R">2018EnST...52.2278R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.7b05367">10.1021/acs.est.7b05367</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5822217">5822217</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29337537">29337537</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJulia_Duvall2023" class="citation web cs1">Julia Duvall (13 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wcu.edu/stories/posts/News/2023/10/wcu-microplastics-study-sheds-light-on-huge-pollution-problem.aspx">"WCU microplastics study sheds light on huge pollution problem"</a>. Western Carolina University. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cwfnc.org/microplastics-found-even-in-remote-areas-of-nc-in-wcu-study/">"Microplastics Found Even in Remote Areas of NC, in WCU Study – Clean Water for North Carolina"</a>. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAtwater2024" class="citation web cs1">Atwater, Will (11 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2024/12/11/nowhere-to-hide-microplastics-are-polluting-western-north-carolina-watersheds/">"Nowhere to hide: Microplastics are polluting western North Carolina watersheds"</a>. North Carolina Health News. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRilligIngraffiaDe_Souza_Machado2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rillig, Matthias C.; Ingraffia, Rosolino; De Souza Machado, Anderson A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5651362">"Microplastic Incorporation into Soil in Agroecosystems"</a>. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 1805. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FrPS....8.1805R">2017FrPS....8.1805R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.01805">10.3389/fpls.2017.01805</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5651362">5651362</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29093730">29093730</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRillig2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rillig, Matthias C. (2012). "Microplastic in Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Soil?". Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (12): 6453–6454. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EnST...46.6453R">2012EnST...46.6453R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes302011r">10.1021/es302011r</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22676039">22676039</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZubrisRichards2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zubris, Kimberly Ann V.; Richards, Brian K. (2005). "Synthetic fibers as an indicator of land application of sludge". Environmental Pollution. 138 (2): 201–211. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EPoll.138..201Z">2005EPoll.138..201Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2005.04.013">10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.013</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15967553">15967553</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYangShiLiLi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Dongqi; Shi, Huahong; Li, Lan; Li, Jiana; Jabeen, Khalida; Kolandhasamy, Prabhu (20 October 2015). "Microplastic Pollution in Table Salts from China". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (22): 13622–13627. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...4913622Y">2015EnST...4913622Y</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b03163">10.1021/acs.est.5b03163</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26486565">26486565</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EIB-2023-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIB-2023_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIB-2023_169-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230042-microplastics-and-micropollutants-in-water">"Microplastics and Micropollutants in Water: Contaminants of Emerging Concern"</a>. European Investment Bank. 27 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328190059/http://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230042-microplastics-and-micropollutants-in-water">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-170"><a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic.com_170-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425201933/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/microplastics-are-in-our-bodies-how-much-do-they-harm-us">"Microplastics are in our bodies. How much do they harm us?"</a>. Environment. 25 April 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/microplastics-are-in-our-bodies-how-much-do-they-harm-us">the original</a> on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCoxCoverntonDaviesDower2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Kieran D.; Covernton, Garth A.; Davies, Hailey L.; Dower, John F.; Juanes, Francis; Dudas, Sarah E. (18 June 2019). "Human Consumption of Microplastics". Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (12): 7068–7074. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnST...53.7068C">2019EnST...53.7068C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b01517">10.1021/acs.est.9b01517</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31184127">31184127</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sarkar-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar_172-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSarkarDiabThompson2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkar, Sumon; Diab, Hanin; Thompson, Jonathan (18 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9914693">"Microplastic Pollution: Chemical Characterization and Impact on Wildlife"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20 (3). MDPI AG: 1745. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph20031745">10.3390/ijerph20031745</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9914693">9914693</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36767120">36767120</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHahladakisVelisWeberIacovidou2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hahladakis, John N.; Velis, Costas A.; Weber, Roland; Iacovidou, Eleni; Purnell, Phil (February 2018). "An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 344: 179–199. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JHzM..344..179H">2018JHzM..344..179H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2017.10.014">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29035713">29035713</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFArthurBakerBamford2009" class="citation journal cs1">Arthur, Courtney; Baker, Joel; Bamford, Holly, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/file/2192/download?token=5dvqb-YY">"Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects, and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris, September 9–11, 2008"</a>. Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-30: 49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181521/https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/file/2192/download?token=5dvqb-YY">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEerkes-MedranoThompsonAldridge2015" class="citation journal cs1">Eerkes-Medrano, D.; Thompson, R.C.; Aldridge, D.C. (2015). "Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs". Water Research. 75: 63–82. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WatRe..75...63E">2015WatRe..75...63E</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2015.02.012">10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25746963">25746963</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaldwinCorsiMason2016" class="citation journal cs1">Baldwin, Austin K.; Corsi, Steven R.; Mason, Sherri A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.6b02917">"Plastic Debris in 29 Great Lakes Tributaries: Relations to Watershed Attributes and Hydrology"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 50 (19): 10377–85. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnST...5010377B">2016EnST...5010377B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.6b02917">10.1021/acs.est.6b02917</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27627676">27627676</a>.</cite>

</li>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFXueZhangLiWang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Xue B, Zhang L, Li R, Wang Y, Guo J, Yu K, Wang S (February 2020). "Underestimated Microplastic Pollution Derived from Fishery Activities and "Hidden" in Deep Sediment". Environmental Science & Technology. 54 (4): 2210–2217. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EnST...54.2210X">2020EnST...54.2210X</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b04850">10.1021/acs.est.9b04850</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31994391">31994391</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecomagazine.com/news/deep-sea/microplastics-from-ocean-fishing-can-hide-in-deep-sediments">"Microplastics from Ocean Fishing Can 'Hide' in Deep Sediments"</a>. ECO Magazine. 3 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118193554/https://www.ecomagazine.com/news/deep-sea/microplastics-from-ocean-fishing-can-hide-in-deep-sediments">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite></li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2023-11-23_N-CEE-178"><a href="#cite_ref-2023-11-23_N-CEE_178-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRyanAllenAllenMaselli2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, Anna C.; Allen, Deonie; Allen, Steve; Maselli, Vittorio; LeBlanc, Amber; Kelleher, Liam; Krause, Stefan; Walker, Tony R.; Cohen, Mark (28 November 2023). "Transport and deposition of ocean-sourced microplastic particles by a North Atlantic hurricane". Communications Earth & Environment. 4 (1): 442. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ComEE...4..442R">2023ComEE...4..442R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-023-01115-7">10.1038/s43247-023-01115-7</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJenkinsPersaudCowgerSzigeti2022" class="citation report cs1">Jenkins, Tia; Persaud, Bhaleka; Cowger, Win; Szigeti, Kathy; Roche, Dominique; Clary, Erin; Slowinski, Stephanie; Lei, Benjamin; Abeynayaka, Amila; Nyadjro, Ebenezer; Maes, Thomas; Thornton Hampton, Leah; Bergmann, Melanie; Aherne, Julian; Mason, Sherri; Honek, John; Rezanezhad, Fereidoun; Lusher, Amy; Booth, Andy; Smith, Rodney; Van Cappellen, Philippe (16 September 2022). Evaluating the Current State of Findability and Accessibility of Microplastics Data (Report). <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10012%2F19396">10012/19396</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCharlton-HowardBondRivers-AutyLavers2023" class="citation journal cs1">Charlton-Howard, Hayley S.; Bond, Alexander L.; Rivers-Auty, Jack; Lavers, Jennifer L. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2023.131293">"Plasticosis: Characterising macro- and microplastic-associated fibrosis in seabird tissues"</a>. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 443: 131293. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2023.131293">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131293</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37002998">37002998</a>.</cite>

</li>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWattsLewisGoodheadBeckett2014" class="citation journal cs1">Watts, Andrew J. R.; Lewis, Ceri; Goodhead, Rhys M.; Beckett, Stephen J.; Moger, Julian; Tyler, Charles R.; Galloway, Tamara S. (2014). "Uptake and Retention of Microplastics by the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas". Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (15): 8823–30. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EnST...48.8823W">2014EnST...48.8823W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes501090e">10.1021/es501090e</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24972075">24972075</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAkpan2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Akpan, Nsikan (8 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/microplastics-lodge-crab-gills-and-guts">"Microplastics lodge in crab gills and guts"</a>. Science News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141423/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/microplastics-lodge-crab-gills-and-guts">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite></li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Thompson-2004-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-2004_182-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThompsonOlsenMitchellDavis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, R. C.; Olsen, Y.; Mitchell, R. P.; Davis, A.; Rowland, S. J.; John, A. W.; McGonigle, D.; Russell, A. E. (2004). "Lost at Sea: Where is All the Plastic?". Science. 304 (5672): 838. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1094559">10.1126/science.1094559</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15131299">15131299</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiLiangLiuFu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Bowen; Liang, Weiwenhui; Liu, Quan-Xing; Fu, Shijian; Ma, Cuizhu; Chen, Qiqing; Su, Lei; Craig, Nicholas J.; Shi, Huahong (3 August 2021). "Fish Ingest Microplastics Unintentionally". Environmental Science & Technology. 55 (15): 10471–10479. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnST...5510471L">2021EnST...5510471L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.1c01753">10.1021/acs.est.1c01753</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34297559">34297559</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeeples2015" class="citation news cs1">Peeples, Lynne (23 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-ocean-pollution-fish-health_n_6923872">"Surprise Finding Heightens Concern Over Tiny Bits Of Plastic Polluting Our Oceans"</a>. Huffpost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240428062754/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-ocean-pollution-fish-health_n_6923872">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTangFernandezSohnAmemiya2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tang, Joyce; Fernandez, Javier; Sohn, Joel; Amemiya, Chris (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382437">"Chitin Is Endogenously Produced in Vertebrates"</a>. Current Biology. 25 (7): 897–900. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25..897T">2015CBio...25..897T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.01.058">10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.058</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382437">4382437</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25772447">25772447</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPazosMaizteguiColauttiParacampo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pazos, Rocío S.; Maiztegui, Tomás; Colautti, Darío C.; Paracampo, Ariel H.; Gómez, Nora (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/104819">"Microplastics in gut contents of coastal freshwater fish from Río de la Plata estuary"</a>. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 122 (1–2): 85–90. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MarPB.122...85P">2017MarPB.122...85P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2017.06.007">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.007</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F41910">11336/41910</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28633946">28633946</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095830/http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/104819">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2020.</cite>

</li>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCozarEchevarriaGonzalez-GordilloIrigoien2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cozar, A.; Echevarria, F.; Gonzalez-Gordillo, J. I.; Irigoien, X.; Ubeda, B.; Hernandez-Leon, S.; Palma, A. T.; Navarro, S.; Garcia-De-Lomas, J.; Ruiz, A.; Fernandez-De-Puelles, M. L.; Duarte, C. M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104848">"Plastic debris in the open ocean"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (28): 10239–10244. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..11110239C">2014PNAS..11110239C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1314705111">10.1073/pnas.1314705111</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104848">4104848</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24982135">24982135</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLemonick2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Lemonick, Sam (1 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/plastic-goes-missing-sea">"Plastic goes missing at sea"</a>. Science News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702233406/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/plastic-goes-missing-sea">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite></li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRomeoPietroPedàConsoli2015" class="citation journal cs1">Romeo, Teresa; Pietro, Battaglia; Pedà, Cristina; Consoli, Pierpaolo; Andaloro, Franco; Fossi, Maria Cristina (June 2015). "First evidence of presence of plastic debris in stomach of large pelagic fish in the Mediterranean Sea". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 95 (1): 358–361. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MarPB..95..358R">2015MarPB..95..358R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2015.04.048">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.048</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25936574">25936574</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWardropShimetaNugegodaMorrison2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wardrop, Peter; Shimeta, Jeff; Nugegoda, Dayanthi; Morrison, Paul D.; Miranda, Ana; Tang, Min; Clarke, Bradley O. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b06280">"Chemical Pollutants Sorbed to Ingested Microbeads from Personal Care Products Accumulate in Fish"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 50 (7): 4037–4044. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnST...50.4037W">2016EnST...50.4037W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b06280">10.1021/acs.est.5b06280</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26963589">26963589</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Savoca-2016-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Savoca-2016_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savoca-2016_190-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSavocaWohlfeilEbelerNevitt2016" class="citation journal cs1">Savoca, M. S.; Wohlfeil, M. E.; Ebeler, S. E.; Nevitt, G. A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569953">"Marine plastic debris emits a keystone infochemical for olfactory foraging seabirds"</a>. Science Advances. 2 (11): e1600395. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SciA....2E0395S">2016SciA....2E0395S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1600395">10.1126/sciadv.1600395</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569953">5569953</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28861463">28861463</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDaceyWakeham1986" class="citation journal cs1">Dacey, J. W. H.; Wakeham, S. G. (1986). "Oceanic Dimethylsulfide: Production During Zooplankton Grazing on Phytoplankton". Science. 233 (4770): 1314–1316. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...233.1314D">1986Sci...233.1314D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.233.4770.1314">10.1126/science.233.4770.1314</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17843360">17843360</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164229/https://www.containerandpackaging.com/info/plasticology.asp">"Plasticology 101"</a>. Container & Packaging Supply. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.containerandpackaging.com/info/plasticology.asp">the original</a> on 16 November 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSaleySmartBezerraBurnham2019" class="citation journal cs1">Saley, A.M.; Smart, A.C.; Bezerra, M.F.; Burnham, T.L.U.; Capece, L.R.; Lima, L.F.O.; Carsh, A.C.; Williams, S.L.; Morgan, S.G. (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8w42s80j">"Microplastic accumulation and biomagnification in a coastal marine reserve situated in a sparsely populated area"</a>. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 146: 54–59. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MarPB.146...54S">2019MarPB.146...54S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2019.05.065">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.065</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31426191">31426191</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWrightThompsonGalloway2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Stephanie L.; Thompson, Richard C.; Galloway, Tamara S. (2013). "The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review". Environmental Pollution. 178: 483–492. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EPoll.178..483W">2013EPoll.178..483W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2013.02.031">10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.031</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23545014">23545014</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHiemstravan_der_VeldenCilibertiD'Alba2025" class="citation journal cs1">Hiemstra, Auke-Florian; van der Velden, Isabel; Ciliberti, Pasquale; D'Alba, Liliana; Gravendeel, Barbara; Schilthuizen, Menno (25 April 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969725005820">"Half a century of caddisfly casings (Trichoptera) with microplastic from natural history collections"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 974 178947. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025ScTEn.97478947H">2025ScTEn.97478947H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2025.178947">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178947</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40169316">40169316</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThompsonOlsenMitchellDavis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Richard C.; Olsen, Ylva; Mitchell, Richard P.; Davis, Anthony; Rowland, Steven J.; John, Anthony W. G.; McGonigle, Daniel; Russell, Andrea E. (7 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1094559">"Lost at Sea: Where Is All the Plastic?"</a>. Science. 304 (5672): 838. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1094559">10.1126/science.1094559</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFnature_video2025" class="citation audio-visual cs1">nature video (11 April 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyHY971NsV8">Microplastic pollution found in insect casing from 1971</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2025 – via YouTube.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/four-decades-ago-insect-built-its-protective-shell-human-garbage">"Four decades ago, this insect built its protective shell from human garbage"</a>. www.science.org. Retrieved 1 July 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHiemstraVeldenKoeseVerdonschot2025" class="citation journal cs1">Hiemstra, Auke Florian; Velden, Isabel van der; Koese, Bram; Verdonschot, Ralf C. M.; Gravendeel, Barbara; Schilthuizen, Menno (19 May 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jlimnol.it/jlimnol/article/view/2212">"A curious case: caddisfly cases built from brick and sewage overflow microplastics"</a>. Journal of Limnology. 84. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025JLimn..84.....H">2025JLimn..84.....H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fjlimnol.2025.2212">10.4081/jlimnol.2025.2212</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1723-8633">1723-8633</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tallec-2018-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tallec-2018_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tallec-2018_200-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFTallecHuvetDi_PoiGonzález-Fernández2018" class="citation journal cs1">Tallec, Kevin; Huvet, Arnaud; Di Poi, Carole; González-Fernández, Carmen; Lambert, Christophe; Petton, Bruno; Le Goïc, Nelly; Berchel, Mathieu; Soudant, Philippe; Paul-Pont, Ika (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00453/56419/">"Nanoplastics impaired oyster free living stages, gametes and embryos"</a>. Environmental Pollution. 242 (Pt B): 1226–1235. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPoll.242.1226T">2018EPoll.242.1226T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2018.08.020">10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.020</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30118910">30118910</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Oliveira-2018-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira-2018_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira-2018_201-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFOliveiraBarbozaBrancoFigueiredo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Oliveira, Patrícia; Barboza, Luís Gabriel Antão; Branco, Vasco; Figueiredo, Neusa; Carvalho, Cristina; Guilhermino, Lúcia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecoenv.2018.07.062">"Effects of microplastics and mercury in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774): Filtration rate, biochemical biomarkers and mercury bioconcentration"</a>. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 164: 155–163. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EcoES.164..155O">2018EcoES.164..155O</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecoenv.2018.07.062">10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.062</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30107325">30107325</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tang-2020a-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tang-2020a_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tang-2020a_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tang-2020a_202-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFTangRongGuanZha2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tang, Yu; Rong, Jiahuan; Guan, Xiaofan; Zha, Shanjie; Shi, Wei; Han, Yu; Du, Xueying; Wu, Fangzhu; Huang, Wei; Liu, Guangxu (March 2020). "Immunotoxicity of microplastics and two persistent organic pollutants alone or in combination to a bivalve species". Environmental Pollution. 258 113845. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EPoll.25813845T">2020EPoll.25813845T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2019.113845">10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113845</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31883493">31883493</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sun-2020-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sun-2020_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sun-2020_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sun-2020_203-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFSunShiTangHan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sun, Shuge; Shi, Wei; Tang, Yu; Han, Yu; Du, Xueying; Zhou, Weishang; Hu, Yuan; Zhou, Chaosheng; Liu, Guangxu (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.138852">"Immunotoxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons and microplastics alone or in combination to a bivalve species: Synergic impacts and potential toxication mechanisms"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 728 138852. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.72838852S">2020ScTEn.72838852S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.138852">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138852</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570313">32570313</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tang-2020b-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tang-2020b_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tang-2020b_204-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tang-2020b_204-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFTangZhouSunDu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tang, Yu; Zhou, Weishang; Sun, Shuge; Du, Xueying; Han, Yu; Shi, Wei; Liu, Guangxu (October 2020). "Immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity of bisphenol A and microplastics alone or in combination to a bivalve species, Tegillarca granosa". Environmental Pollution. 265 (Pt A): 115115. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EPoll.26515115T">2020EPoll.26515115T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2020.115115">10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115115</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32806413">32806413</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBringerThomasPrunierDubillot2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bringer, Arno; Thomas, Hélène; Prunier, Grégoire; Dubillot, Emmanuel; Bossut, Noémie; Churlaud, Carine; Clérandeau, Christelle; Le Bihanic, Florane; Cachot, Jérôme (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2020.113978">"High density polyethylene (HDPE) microplastics impair development and swimming activity of Pacific oyster D-larvae, Crassostrea gigas, depending on particle size"</a>. Environmental Pollution. 260 113978. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EPoll.26013978B">2020EPoll.26013978B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2020.113978">10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113978</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31991353">31991353</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFReichertSchellenbergSchubertWilke2018" class="citation journal cs1">Reichert, Jessica; Schellenberg, Johannes; Schubert, Patrick; Wilke, Thomas (1 June 2018). "Responses of reef building corals to microplastic exposure". Environmental Pollution. 237: 955–960. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPoll.237..955R">2018EPoll.237..955R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2017.11.006">10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.006</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146203">29146203</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hall-2015-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall-2015_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall-2015_207-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHallBerryRintoulHoogenboom2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, N.M.; Berry, K.L.E.; Rintoul, L.; Hoogenboom, M.O. (2015). "Microplastic ingestion by scleractinian corals". Marine Biology. 162 (3): 725–732. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MarBi.162..725H">2015MarBi.162..725H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00227-015-2619-7">10.1007/s00227-015-2619-7</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/09/240920112714.htm">"Microplastics found in coral skeletons"</a>. Science Daily. 20 September 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMouchiChapronPeruPruski2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mouchi, Vincent; Chapron, Leila; Peru, Erwan; Pruski, Audrey M.; Meistertzheim, Anne-Leila; Vétion, Gilles; Galand, Pierre E.; Lartaud, Franck (October 2019). "Long-term aquaria study suggests species-specific responses of two cold-water corals to macro-and microplastics exposure". Environmental Pollution. 253: 322–329. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EPoll.253..322M">2019EPoll.253..322M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2019.07.024">10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.024</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31323615">31323615</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJandangAlfonsoNakanoPhinchan2024" class="citation journal cs1">Jandang, Suppakarn; Alfonso, María Belén; Nakano, Haruka; Phinchan, Nopphawit; Darumas, Udomsak; Viyakarn, Voranop; Chavanich, Suchana; Isobe, Atsuhiko (December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2024.176210">"Possible sink of missing ocean plastic: Accumulation patterns in reef-building corals in the Gulf of Thailand"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 954 176210. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ScTEn.95476210J">2024ScTEn.95476210J</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2024.176210">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176210</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39278501">39278501</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRiskEdinger2011" class="citation book cs1">Risk, Michael J.; Edinger, Evan (2011). "Impacts of Sediment on Coral Reefs". Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. pp. 575–586. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-2639-2_25">10.1007/978-90-481-2639-2_25</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-481-2638-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRahmanShozibAkterIslam2023" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman, Md. Naimur; Shozib, Sajjad Hossain; Akter, Mst. Yeasmin; Islam, Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul; Islam, Md. Saiful; Sohel, Md. Salman; Kamaraj, Chinnaperumal; Rakib, Md. Refat Jahan; Idris, Abubakr M.; Sarker, Aniruddha; Malafaia, Guilherme (July 2023). "Microplastic as an invisible threat to the coral reefs: Sources, toxicity mechanisms, policy intervention, and the way forward". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 454 131522. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHzM..45431522R">2023JHzM..45431522R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2023.131522">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131522</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37146332">37146332</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcAlpine2019" class="citation journal cs1">McAlpine, Kat J. (2019). "Have Your Plastic and Eat It Too". Bostonia (Boston University Alumni): 36–37.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHedrih2023" class="citation web cs1">Hedrih, Vladimir (17 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psypost.org/2023/06/exposure-to-microplastics-impairs-cognition-in-hermit-crabs-study-finds-165859">"Exposure to microplastics impairs cognition in hermit crabs, study finds"</a>. PsyPost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617145811/https://www.psypost.org/2023/06/exposure-to-microplastics-impairs-cognition-in-hermit-crabs-study-finds-165859">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Boots2019-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boots2019_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boots2019_215-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBootsRussellGreen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Boots, Bas; Russell, Connor William; Green, Danielle Senga (11 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/23763378">"Effects of Microplastics in Soil Ecosystems: Above and Below Ground"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (19): 11496–11506. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnST...5311496B">2019EnST...5311496B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b03304">10.1021/acs.est.9b03304</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31509704">31509704</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHuangHuChenWang2023" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Fengyu; Hu, Jinzhao; Chen, Li; Wang, Zhe; Sun, Shiyong; Zhang, Wanming; Jiang, Hu; Luo, Ying; Wang, Lei; Zeng, Yi; Fang, Linchuan (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2023.130887">"Microplastics may increase the environmental risks of Cd via promoting Cd uptake by plants: A meta-analysis"</a>. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 448 130887. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHzM..44830887H">2023JHzM..44830887H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2023.130887">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130887</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36731321">36731321</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWangWangSong2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Fangli; Wang, Xuexia; Song, Ningning (August 2021). "Polyethylene microplastics increase cadmium uptake in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by altering the soil microenvironment". Science of the Total Environment. 784 147133. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ScTEn.78447133W">2021ScTEn.78447133W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.147133">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147133</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895518">33895518</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWangFengLiuAdams2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Fayuan; Feng, Xueying; Liu, Yingying; Adams, Catharine A.; Sun, Yuhuan; Zhang, Shuwu (October 2022). "Micro(nano)plastics and terrestrial plants: Up-to-date knowledge on uptake, translocation, and phytotoxicity". Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 185 106503. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022RCR...18506503W">2022RCR...18506503W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2022.106503">10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106503</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Wu-2019-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wu-2019_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wu-2019_219-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFWuPanLiLi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Xiaojian; Pan, Jie; Li, Meng; Li, Yao; Bartlam, Mark; Wang, Yingying (2019). "Selective enrichment of bacterial pathogens by microplastic biofilm". Water Research. 165 114979. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019WatRe.16514979W">2019WatRe.16514979W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2019.114979">10.1016/j.watres.2019.114979</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31445309">31445309</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Guruge-2024-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guruge-2024_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guruge-2024_220-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGurugeGoswamiKandaAbeynayaka2024" class="citation journal cs1">Guruge, Keerthi S.; Goswami, Prasun; Kanda, Kazuki; Abeynayaka, Amila; Kumagai, Masahiko; Watanabe, Mafumi; Tamamura-Andoh, Yukino (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2024.134353">"Plastiome: Plastisphere-enriched mobile resistome in aquatic environments"</a>. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 471 (134353) 134353. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JHzM..47134353G">2024JHzM..47134353G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2024.134353">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134353</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38678707">38678707</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Stapleton-2023-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton-2023_221-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStapletonHai2023" class="citation journal cs1">Stapleton MJ, Hai FI (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10413915">"Microplastics as an emerging contaminant of concern to our environment: a brief overview of the sources and implications"</a>. Bioengineered (Review). 14 (1): 2244754. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21655979.2023.2244754">10.1080/21655979.2023.2244754</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10413915">10413915</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37553794">37553794</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIannellaConsoleD'Alessandro2019" class="citation journal cs1">Iannella, Mattia; Console, Giulia; D'Alessandro, Paola (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw12010044">"Preliminary Analysis of the Diet of Triturus carnifex and Pollution in Mountain Karst Ponds in Central Apennines"</a>. Water. 44 (129): 11496–11506. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Water..12...44I">2019Water..12...44I</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw12010044">10.3390/w12010044</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDeoniziakCichowskaNiedźwieckiPol2022" class="citation journal cs1">Deoniziak, Krzysztof; Cichowska, Aleksandra; Niedźwiecki, Sławomir; Pol, Wojciech (20 December 2022). "Thrushes (Aves: Passeriformes) as indicators of microplastic pollution in terrestrial environments". Science of the Total Environment. 853 158621. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ScTEn.85358621D">2022ScTEn.85358621D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2022.158621">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158621</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36084782">36084782</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/03/plasticosis-new-disease-caused-by-plastics-discovered-in-seabirds">"New disease caused by plastics discovered in seabirds"</a>. The Guardian. 3 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303212308/https://amp.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/03/plasticosis-new-disease-caused-by-plastics-discovered-in-seabirds">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/press-releases/new-disease-caused-solely-by-plastics-discovered-in-seabirds-.html">"New disease caused solely by plastics discovered in seabirds"</a>. Natural History Museum. 3 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303113740/https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/press-releases/new-disease-caused-solely-by-plastics-discovered-in-seabirds-.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMatoIsobeTakadaKanehiro2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mato, Yukie; Isobe, Tomohiko; Takada, Hideshige; Kanehiro, Haruyuki; Ohtake, Chiyoko; Kaminuma, Tsuguchika (2001). "Plastic Resin Pellets as a Transport Medium for Toxic Chemicals in the Marine Environment". Environmental Science & Technology. 35 (2): 318–324. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001EnST...35..318M">2001EnST...35..318M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes0010498">10.1021/es0010498</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11347604">11347604</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZhangXu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Ming; Xu, Liheng (4 March 2022). "Transport of micro- and nanoplastics in the environment: Trojan-Horse effect for organic contaminants". Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 52 (5): 810–846. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CREST..52..810Z">2022CREST..52..810Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10643389.2020.1845531">10.1080/10643389.2020.1845531</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Arvaniti-2022-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arvaniti-2022_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arvaniti-2022_228-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFArvanitiAntonopoulouGatidouFrontistis2022" class="citation journal cs1">Arvaniti, Olga S.; Antonopoulou, Georgia; Gatidou, Georgia; Frontistis, Zacharias; Mantzavinos, Dionissios; Stasinakis, Athanasios S. (September 2022). "Sorption of two common antihypertensive drugs onto polystyrene microplastics in water matrices". Science of the Total Environment. 837 155786. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ScTEn.83755786A">2022ScTEn.83755786A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2022.155786">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155786</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35537511">35537511</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiLiLiYang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Yandan; Li, Miao; Li, Zhen; Yang, Lei; Liu, Xiang (September 2019). "Effects of particle size and solution chemistry on Triclosan sorption on polystyrene microplastic". Chemosphere. 231: 308–314. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Chmsp.231..308L">2019Chmsp.231..308L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2019.05.116">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.116</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31132537">31132537</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBergfreundWobillEversHohermuth2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bergfreund, Jotam; Wobill, Ciatta; Evers, Frederic M.; Hohermuth, Benjamin; Bertsch, Pascal; Lebreton, Laurent; Windhab, Erich J.; Fischer, Peter (1 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pof/article/36/7/072108/3303389/Impact-of-microplastic-pollution-on-breaking-waves">"Impact of microplastic pollution on breaking waves"</a>. Physics of Fluids. 36 (7). <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PhFl...36g2108B">2024PhFl...36g2108B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F5.0208507">10.1063/5.0208507</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F685523">20.500.11850/685523</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAllenAllenMossLe_Roux2020" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Steve; Allen, Deonie; Moss, Kerry; Le Roux, Gaël; Phoenix, Vernon R.; Sonke, Jeroen E. (12 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7217454">"Examination of the ocean as a source for atmospheric microplastics"</a>. PLOS ONE. 15 (5): e0232746. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1532746A">2020PLoSO..1532746A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0232746">10.1371/journal.pone.0232746</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7217454">7217454</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32396561">32396561</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCampanaleMassarelliSavinoLocaputo2020" class="citation journal cs1">Campanale, Claudia; Massarelli, Carmine; Savino, Ilaria; Locaputo, Vito; Uricchio, Vito Felice (13 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068600">"A Detailed Review Study on Potential Effects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (4): 1212. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17041212">10.3390/ijerph17041212</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068600">7068600</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32069998">32069998</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSybergNielsenWestergaard_Clausenvan_Calster2021" class="citation journal cs1">Syberg, Kristian; Nielsen, Maria Bille; Westergaard Clausen, Lauge Peter; van Calster, Geert; van Wezel, Annemarie; Rochman, Chelsea; Koelmans, Albert A.; Cronin, Richard; Pahl, Sabine; Hansen, Steffen Foss (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/regulation-of-plastic-from-a-circular-economy-perspective">"Regulation of plastic from a circular economy perspective"</a>. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 29 100462. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021COGSC..2900462S">2021COGSC..2900462S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2021.100462">10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100462</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Blackburn-2022-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Blackburn-2022_234-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBlackburnGreen2022" class="citation journal cs1">Blackburn K, Green D (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8800959">"The potential effects of microplastics on human health: What is known and what is unknown"</a>. Ambio (Review). 51 (3): 518–530. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Ambio..51..518B">2022Ambio..51..518B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13280-021-01589-9">10.1007/s13280-021-01589-9</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8800959">8800959</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34185251">34185251</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMantoLechien2025" class="citation journal cs1">Manto, Mario; Lechien, Jerome (June 2025). "The Urgent Need to Assess and Prevent the Deposits of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Our Brain". Discovery Medicine. 37 (197): 1143–1145. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24976%2FDiscov.Med.202537197.102">10.24976/Discov.Med.202537197.102</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40485530">40485530</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFUllah2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ullah, Sana (2022). "A Review of the Endocrine Disrupting Effects of Micro and Nano Plastic and Their Associated Chemicals in Mammals". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.hms.harvard.edu/articles/microplastics-everywhere">"Microplastics Everywhere | Harvard Medicine Magazine"</a>. magazine.hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 9 May 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrownWilsonMacNeeStone2001" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, D.M.; Wilson, M.R.; MacNee, W.; Stone, V.; Donaldson, K. (September 2001). "Size-Dependent Proinflammatory Effects of Ultrafine Polystyrene Particles: A Role for Surface Area and Oxidative Stress in the Enhanced Activity of Ultrafines". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 175 (3): 191–199. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ToxAP.175..191B">2001ToxAP.175..191B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ftaap.2001.9240">10.1006/taap.2001.9240</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11559017">11559017</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNichGoodman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nich, Christophe; Goodman, Stuart B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4366682">"Role of Macrophages in the Biological Reaction to Wear Debris from Joint Replacements"</a>. Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants. 24 (4): 259–265. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1615%2Fjlongtermeffmedimplants.2014010562">10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.2014010562</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4366682">4366682</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25747029">25747029</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_240-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFYeeHiiLooiLim2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yee, Maxine Swee-Li; Hii, Ling-Wei; Looi, Chin King; Lim, Wei-Meng; Wong, Shew-Fung; Kok, Yih-Yih; Tan, Boon-Keat; Wong, Chiew-Yen; Leong, Chee-Onn (16 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7920297">"Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Human Health"</a>. Nanomaterials. 11 (2): 496. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnano11020496">10.3390/nano11020496</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7920297">7920297</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33669327">33669327</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStockBöhmertLisickiBlock2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stock, Valerie; Böhmert, Linda; Lisicki, Elisa; Block, Rafael; Cara-Carmona, Julia; Pack, Laura Kim; Selb, Regina; Lichtenstein, Dajana; Voss, Linn; Henderson, Colin J.; Zabinsky, Elke; Sieg, Holger; Braeuning, Albert; Lampen, Alfonso (28 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/bd354a20-61ad-4505-bfd1-d71686c955b1">"Uptake and effects of orally ingested polystyrene microplastic particles in vitro and in vivo"</a>. Archives of Toxicology. 93 (7): 1817–1833. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ArTox..93.1817S">2019ArTox..93.1817S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00204-019-02478-7">10.1007/s00204-019-02478-7</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31139862">31139862</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyGongNahirneyDuszyk2011" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy, Joanna; Gong; Nahirney; Duszyk; Radomski (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133525">"Polystyrene nanoparticles activate ion transport in human airway epithelial cells"</a>. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 6: 1343–1356. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2Fijn.s21145">10.2147/ijn.s21145</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133525">3133525</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21760729">21760729</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFXiaGuZhangChang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Xia, Lin; Gu, Weihong; Zhang, Mingyi; Chang, Ya-Nan; Chen, Kui; Bai, Xue; Yu, Lai; Li, Juan; Li, Shan; Xing, Gengmei (29 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5127043">"Endocytosed nanoparticles hold endosomes and stimulate binucleated cells formation"</a>. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 13 (1): 63. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PFTox..13...63X">2016PFTox..13...63X</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12989-016-0173-1">10.1186/s12989-016-0173-1</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5127043">5127043</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27899122">27899122</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Auta-2017-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auta-2017_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auta-2017_244-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFAutaEmenikeFauziah2017" class="citation journal cs1">Auta, H.S.; Emenike, C.U; Fauziah, S.H (2017). "Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions". <a href="Environment_International" title="Environment International">Environment International</a>. 102: 165–176. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EnInt.102..165A">2017EnInt.102..165A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2017.02.013">10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.013</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28284818">28284818</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2019/07/30/irish-teen-wins-2019-google-science-fair-for-removing-microplastics-from-water/?sh=15b0e071373f">"Irish Teen Wins 2019 Google Science Fair for Removing Microplastics from Water"</a>. <a href="Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531162416/https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2019/07/30/irish-teen-wins-2019-google-science-fair-for-removing-microplastics-from-water/?sh=15b0e071373f">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFConnor2016" class="citation news cs1">Connor, Steve (19 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/how-scientists-plan-to-clean-up-the-plastic-waste-threatening-marine-life-a6820276.html">"How scientists plan to clean up plastic waste in the oceans"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/how-scientists-plan-to-clean-up-the-plastic-waste-threatening-marine-life-a6820276.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFwww.theoceancleanup.com" class="citation news cs1">www.theoceancleanup.com, The Ocean Cleanup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/system-001-has-launched-into-the-pacific/">"System 001 has launched into the Pacific"</a>. The Ocean Cleanup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065302/https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/system-001-has-launched-into-the-pacific/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFwww.theoceancleanup.com" class="citation web cs1">www.theoceancleanup.com, The Ocean Cleanup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoceancleanup.com/technology/">"The Ocean Cleanup Technology"</a>. The Ocean Cleanup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210053637/https://www.theoceancleanup.com/technology/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_249-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartiniGoldstein2014" class="citation web cs1">Martini, Kim; Goldstein, Miriam (14 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deepseanews.com/2014/07/the-ocean-cleanup-part-2-technical-review-of-the-feasibility-study/">"The Ocean Cleanup, Part 2: Technical review of the feasibility study"</a>. Deep Sea News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121065849/http://www.deepseanews.com/2014/07/the-ocean-cleanup-part-2-technical-review-of-the-feasibility-study/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShiffman2018" class="citation web cs1">Shiffman, David (13 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernfriedscience.com/i-asked-15-ocean-plastic-pollution-experts-about-the-ocean-cleanup-project-and-they-have-concerns/">"I asked 15 ocean plastic pollution experts about the Ocean Cleanup project, and they have concerns"</a>. Southern Fried Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126170652/http://www.southernfriedscience.com/i-asked-15-ocean-plastic-pollution-experts-about-the-ocean-cleanup-project-and-they-have-concerns">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKratochwill2016" class="citation news cs1">Kratochwill, Lindsey (26 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/26/ocean-cleanup-project-environment-pollution-boyan-slat">"Too good to be true? The Ocean Cleanup Project faces feasibility questions"</a>. <a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024102620/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/26/ocean-cleanup-project-environment-pollution-boyan-slat">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aabgu.org/eating-away-the-worlds-plastic-waste-problem/">"Eating Away the World's Plastic Waste Problem"</a>. News; Natural Sciences. New York: American Associates, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. 23 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202151553/https://aabgu.org/eating-away-the-worlds-plastic-waste-problem/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChanWongKwanFang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Shepherd Yuen; Wong, Max Wang-Tang; Kwan, Bonnie Tsz Ching; Fang, James Kar-Hei; Chua, Song Lin (12 October 2022). "Microbial–Enzymatic Combinatorial Approach to Capture and Release Microplastics". Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 9 (11): 975–982. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EnSTL...9..975C">2022EnSTL...9..975C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.estlett.2c00558">10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00558</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYang_LiuMing-Lok_LeungKar-Hei_FangLin_Chua2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yang Liu, Sylvia; Ming-Lok Leung, Matthew; Kar-Hei Fang, James; Lin Chua, Song (2020). "Engineering a microbial 'trap and release' mechanism for microplastics removal". Chemical Engineering Journal. 404 127079. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cej.2020.127079">10.1016/j.cej.2020.127079</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10397%2F88307">10397/88307</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPerkins2024" class="citation news cs1">Perkins, Tom (10 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/dec/10/microplastics-pollution-sponge-cotton-squid-bone">"Cotton-and-squid-bone sponge can soak up 99.9% of microplastics, scientists say"</a>. The Guardian.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKershaw2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kershaw, Peter J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/Marine_plastic_debris_and_microplastic_technical_report_advance_copy.pdf">"Marine Plastic Debris and Microplastics"</a> (PDF). <a href="United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011052123/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/Marine_plastic_debris_and_microplastic_technical_report_advance_copy.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/about-this-office/single-view/news/the_garbage_patch_territory_turns_into_a_new_state/#.U71u8fl_u9U">"The garbage patch territory turns into a new state"</a>. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 22 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911135638/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/about-this-office/single-view/news/the_garbage_patch_territory_turns_into_a_new_state/#.U71u8fl_u9U">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144707/http://www.rivistasitiunesco.it/articolo.php?id_articolo=2073">"Rifiuti diventano stato, Unesco riconosce 'Garbage Patch'"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rivistasitiunesco.it/articolo.php?id_articolo=2073">the original</a> on 14 July 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBensonWeilerCrawford2013" class="citation web cs1">Benson, Bob; Weiler, Katherine; Crawford, Cara (27 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825030106/https://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/CoastalZoneManagement/EPA_Trash_Free_Waters_Program_Virginia_Marine_Debris_Summit_2013.pdf">"EPA National Trash Free Waters Program"</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Presentation at Virginia Marine Debris Summit, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/CoastalZoneManagement/EPA_Trash_Free_Waters_Program_Virginia_Marine_Debris_Summit_2013.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424230933/https://www.epa.gov/trash-free-waters/international-initiatives-address-marine-debris">"International Initiatives to Address Marine Debris"</a>. Trash-Free Waters. EPA. 18 April 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/trash-free-waters/international-initiatives-address-marine-debris">the original</a> on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/trash-free-waters/trash-free-waters-projects">"Trash-Free Waters Projects"</a>. EPA. 27 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422132804/https://www.epa.gov/trash-free-waters/trash-free-waters-projects">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCommunications" class="citation web cs1">Communications, IFAS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065549/http://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/flagler/marine-and-coastal/microplastics/">"Microplastics – UF/IFAS Extension"</a>. sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/flagler/marine-and-coastal/microplastics/">the original</a> on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water/targets.html">"Goal 14 targets"</a>. UNDP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930060036/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water/targets.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EIB-2022-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIB-2022_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIB-2022_264-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIB-2022_264-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBank2022" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (4 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative">The Clean Oceans Initiative</a>. European Investment Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423154334/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-eib.org-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eib.org_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eib.org_265-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBank2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bank, European Investment (23 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230014-the-clean-oceans-initiative">"The Clean Oceans Initiative"</a>. European Investment Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223145820/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230014-the-clean-oceans-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oneplanetsummit.fr/en/coalitions-82/clean-oceans-initiative-223">"Clean Oceans Initiative"</a>. www.oneplanetsummit.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223145816/https://www.oneplanetsummit.fr/en/coalitions-82/clean-oceans-initiative-223">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financeincommon.org/clean-oceans-initiative-afd-eib-kfw-cdp-ico">"Clean Oceans Initiative - AFD, EIB, KfW, CDP, ICO | Finance in common"</a>. financeincommon.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223145816/https://financeincommon.org/clean-oceans-initiative-afd-eib-kfw-cdp-ico">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-unctad-2021-268"><a href="#cite_ref-unctad-2021_268-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unctad.org/news/ocean-economy-offers-25-trillion-export-opportunity-unctad-report">"Ocean economy offers a $2.5 trillion export opportunity: UNCTAD report | UNCTAD"</a>. unctad.org. 26 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224081008/https://unctad.org/news/ocean-economy-offers-25-trillion-export-opportunity-unctad-report">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBank2024" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (25 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240073-clean-oceans-and-the-blue-economy-overview-2024">Clean oceans and the blue economy Overview 2024</a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-92-861-5754-7</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240430123814/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240073-clean-oceans-and-the-blue-economy-overview-2024">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAnyiego2022" class="citation web cs1">Anyiego, Beldine (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copip.eu/news/africa-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected/">"AFRICA: The Clean Oceans initiative will fund twice as many projects as expected?"</a>. COPIP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131192553/https://www.copip.eu/news/africa-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBank2023" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (17 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20220311-clean-oceans-and-the-blue-economy-overview-2023">Clean oceans and the blue economy Overview 2023</a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-92-861-5518-5</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227231954/https://www01.eib.org/en/publications/20220311-clean-oceans-and-the-blue-economy-overview-2023">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFbreezy2023" class="citation web cs1">breezy (20 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/what-we-do/topics/environment/healthy-oceans-sustainable-blue-economies">"Healthy Oceans and Sustainable Blue Economies"</a>. Asian Development Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824104943/https://www.adb.org/what-we-do/topics/environment/healthy-oceans-sustainable-blue-economies">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchnurrAlboiuChaudharyCorbett2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schnurr, Riley E.J.; Alboiu, Vanessa; Chaudhary, Meenakshi; Corbett, Roan A.; Quanz, Meaghan E.; Sankar, gcucjgcugcugfugfugf; Srain, Harveer S.; Thavarajah, Venukasan; Xanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. (2018). "Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): A review". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 137: 157–171. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MarPB.137..157S">2018MarPB.137..157S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2018.10.001">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.001</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30503422">30503422</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventurescientists.org/microplastics.html">"Global Microplastics Initiative"</a>. Adventure Scientists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508223444/http://www.adventurescientists.org/microplastics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-GreenFacts-275"><a href="#cite_ref-GreenFacts_275-0">^</a> Morris and Chapman: "Marine Litter", "Green Facts: Facts on Health and the Environment", 2001–2015

</li>

<li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRoss2013" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Philip (29 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtimes.com/microplastics-great-lakes-pose-very-real-threat-humans-animals-1446804">"'Microplastics' Threaten Life On Great Lakes"</a>. International Business Times.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-World_Bank-277"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_277-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/world-oceans-day-planet-overdosing-miracle-product">"World Oceans Day: Is the planet overdosing on the "miracle" product?"</a>. blogs.worldbank.org. 7 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803065756/https://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/world-oceans-day-planet-overdosing-miracle-product">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrace_Dobush2019" class="citation news cs1">Grace Dobush (7 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/2019/03/07/microplastic-pollution-global-problem/">"Microplastic Polluting Rivers and Seas Across the Globe, Says New Research"</a>. Fortune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731105844/https://fortune.com/2019/03/07/microplastic-pollution-global-problem/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWill_Dunham2019" class="citation news cs1">Will Dunham (12 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/world-s-oceans-clogged-by-millions-of-tons-of-plastic-trash/">"World's Oceans Clogged by Millions of Tons of Plastic Trash"</a>. Scientific American. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116021052/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/world-s-oceans-clogged-by-millions-of-tons-of-plastic-trash/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019. <q>China was responsible for the most ocean plastic pollution per year with an estimated 2.4 million tons, about 30 percent of the global total, followed by Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria and Bangladesh.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:a-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:a_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:a_280-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/research/sam/index.cfm?pg=pollution">"Microplastic Pollution | SAM – Research and Innovation – European Commission"</a>. ec.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195529/http://ec.europa.eu/research/sam/index.cfm?pg=pollution">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/environmental-and-health-risks-microplastic-pollution_en">"Environmental and Health Risks of Microplastic Pollution"</a>. ec.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509001221/https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/environmental-and-health-risks-microplastic-pollution_en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/-/echa-proposes-to-restrict-intentionally-added-microplastics">"ECHA proposes to restrict intentionally added microplastics"</a>. echa.europa.eu. 30 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095255/https://echa.europa.eu/-/echa-proposes-to-restrict-intentionally-added-microplastics">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/hot-topics/microplastics">"Microplastics - ECHA"</a>. echa.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210317122605/https://echa.europa.eu/hot-topics/microplastics">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/">"New Circular Economy Strategy – Environment – European Commission"</a>. ec.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813223529/https://ec.europa.eu/environment//circular-economy/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trade.ec.europa.eu/access-to-markets/en/news/restriction-microplastics-eu-17-october-2023">"Restriction of microplastics in the EU from 17 October 2023"</a>. Access2Markets. European Commission. 17 October 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2055/oj">"Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/2055 of 25 September 2023 amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards synthetic polymer microparticles"</a>. eur-lex.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120171607/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2055/oj">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBalthazard-AccouMillienMichelJean2021" class="citation cs2">Balthazard-Accou, Ketty; Millien, Max François; Michel, Daphnée; Jean, Gaston; Telcy, David; Emmanuel, Evens (19 April 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76323">"Vector-Borne Diseases and Climate Change in the Environmental Context in Haiti"</a>, Environmental Health, IntechOpen, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5772%2Fintechopen.96037">10.5772/intechopen.96037</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-83968-721-1</bdi>, retrieved 4 May 2024</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-St._Louis_Apply_Michel_Emmanuel_Microplastics_and_Environmental_Health-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-St._Louis_Apply_Michel_Emmanuel_Microplastics_and_Environmental_Health_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-St._Louis_Apply_Michel_Emmanuel_Microplastics_and_Environmental_Health_288-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSt._LouisApplyMichelEmmanuel2021" class="citation book cs1">St. Louis, Daphenide; Apply, Ammcise; Michel, Daphnée; Emmanuel, Evens (2021). "Microplastics and Environmental Health: Assessing Environmental Hazards in Haiti". Environmental Health. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5772%2Fintechopen.98371">10.5772/intechopen.98371</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-83968-720-4</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sc.news.gov.hk/TuniS/www.news.gov.hk/chi/2024/04/20240421/20240421_105049_478.html">"谢展寰: 大型食肆已作好走塑准备"</a>. Hong Kong's Information Services Department (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Retrieved 24 November 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkcna.hk/docDetail.jsp?id=100596629&channel=2813">"香港首階段限塑令4月實施官員指對市民影響有限 | 電訊 - 香港中通社"</a>. www.hkcna.hk. Retrieved 24 November 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.gov.hk/eng/2023/10/20231018/20231018_180652_928.html">"Plastic products bill passed"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Japan_Times-2018-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Japan_Times-2018_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japan_Times-2018_292-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japan_Times-2018_292-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japan_Times-2018_292-3">d</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/06/15/national/bill-reduce-microplastics-released-environment-passed-japans-upper-house/">"Bill to reduce microplastics released into the environment passed by Japan's Upper House"</a>. <a href="The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. 15 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926051850/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/06/15/national/bill-reduce-microplastics-released-environment-passed-japans-upper-house/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.go.jp/en/water/marine_litter/pdf/recommendation.pdf">"Recommendations by Experts on the Required Parameters for Microplastics Monitoring in the Ocean"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Environment, Japan. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926051924/http://www.env.go.jp/en/water/marine_litter/pdf/recommendation.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-UK_Cabinet-2017-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK_Cabinet-2017_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_Cabinet-2017_294-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/1312/pdfs/uksi_20171312_en.pdf">"The Environmental Protection (Microbeads) (England) Regulations 2017"</a> (PDF). Cabinet of the United Kingdom. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331230724/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/1312/pdfs/uksi_20171312_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFXanthosWalker2017" class="citation journal cs1">Xanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. (2017). "International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 118 (1–2): 17–26. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MarPB.118...17X">2017MarPB.118...17X</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2017.02.048">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28238328">28238328</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-PL114-114-296"><a href="#cite_ref-PL114-114_296-0">^</a> United States. Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015. <a href="Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/114?link-type=html">114–114 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/114?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>. Approved 28 December 2015.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622152157/https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf">"State Water Board addresses microplastics in drinking water to encourage public water system awareness"</a> (PDF). waterboards.ca.gov (Media release). <a href="SWRCB" class="mw-redirect" title="SWRCB">SWRCB</a>. 16 June 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 June 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dan-2018-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dan-2018_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dan-2018_298-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFDan2018" class="citation web cs1">Dan, Sullivan (26 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/756/text">"Text – S.756 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Save Our Seas Act of 2018"</a>. www.congress.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926052051/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/756/text">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

<ul><li> This article incorporates text from a <a href="Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO (<a class="external text external" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Environment_Programme_Drowning_in_Plastics_%E2%80%93_Marine_Litter_and_Plastic_Waste_Vital_Graphics.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics">Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics</a>, United Nations Environment Programme.</li>

<li>Howell N., Lavers J., Paterson D., Garrett R. & Banati R. 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansto.gov.au/AboutANSTO/MediaCentre/News/ACS013097#sthash.wIvPum6r.dpuf">Trace metal distribution in feathers from migratory, pelagic birds</a>, <a href="Australian_Nuclear_Science_and_Technology_Organisation" title="Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation">Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation</a>, accessed 3 May 2014.</li>

<li><a href="John_Emsley" title="John Emsley">Emsley J.</a> 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&q=Emsley+%22Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%22">Nature's Building Blocks</a>, new edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-960563-7</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.ie/publications/research/environment--health/Research_Report-430.pdf">"Sources, Pathways and Environmental Fate of Microplastics"</a> (PDF). <a href="EPA_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA (Ireland)">EPA (Ireland)</a>. March 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2024.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoterio.com/2022/04/Se-hallo-evidencia-de-microplasticos-en-nuestros-pulmones.html/">Evidence for microplastics in human lungs</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118013310/https://www.infoterio.com/2022/04/Se-hallo-evidencia-de-microplasticos-en-nuestros-pulmones.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2023 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/">NOAA Marine Debris Program</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDunning2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (16 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4806">"Skeptoid #806: Environmental Microplastics"</a>. <a href="Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a>. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecopicko.com/microplastics-in-our-food-and-water-shocking-truth-revealed/od,%20water%20and%20air%20study">Microplastic in food, water, and air study</a>. 2024</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/campaigns/oceans/plastic/">Greenpeace plastic campaign</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plastics171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Plastics171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Poly(ethyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(ethyl methacrylate)">Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">Polyacrylic acid (PAA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide (PA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">Polybutylene (PB)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate (PC)</a></li>

<li><a href="PEEK" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester (PEs)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene (PE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyimide" title="Polyimide">Polyimide (PI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid (PLA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">Polyoxymethylene (POM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyphenyl_ether" title="Polyphenyl ether">Polyphenyl ether (PPE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)" title="Poly(p-phenylene oxide)">Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene (PP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene (PS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polysulfone" title="Polysulfone">Polysulfone (PES)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane (PU)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Styrene_maleic_anhydride" title="Styrene maleic anhydride">Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tritan_copolyester" title="Tritan copolyester">Tritan copolyester</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li>

<li><a href="Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">Fibre-reinforced plastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymeric_foam" title="Polymeric foam">Polymeric foam</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_colorant" title="Plastic colorant">Colorants</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li>

<li><a href="Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plastics processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_blowing_machine" title="Film blowing machine">Film blowing</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">Compression molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamination" title="Lamination">Laminating</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li>

<li><a href="Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li>

<li><a href="Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li>

<li>Category:Plastics applications</li>

<li><a href="Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li>

<li><a href="Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li>

<li><a href="Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li>

<li><a href="Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li>

<li><a href="Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li>

<li><a href="Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li>

<li><a href="Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li>

<li><a href="Registration%2C_Evaluation%2C_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li>

<li><a href="Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">Dioxins</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">Identification codes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839919#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1387" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839919#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1387" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1940235">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117071482X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2016001401">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1151785&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000269787&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007396295505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/ea21ce36-6358-404b-95e0-b71a543512cf">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-01" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Microplastics&oldid=1303683141">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>